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THE  THEORY  AND  PRACTICE 


OF 


PHRASE- WRITING 


By  WILLIAM  W.  OSGOODBY 

OFFICIAL  STENOGRAPHER  OF  THE  NEW  YORK 
SUPREME  COURT  SINCE  1862 


ROCHESTER,  NEW  YORK 
MCMV 


Copyright,  1904 
BY  WILLIAM  W.  OSGOODBY 


THE  THEORY   AND   PRACTICE   OF 
PHRASE-WRITING. 


Brevity,  Legibility,  Speed  —  these  are  the  essentials  of  a  good 
system  of  Shorthand.  A  system  which  lacks  any  one  of  these 
qualities  is  of  little  practical  value. 

A  system  may  be  rapid,  and  illegible ;  or  a  system  may  be 
legible,  and  slow.  Neither  of  these  is  desirable  for  the  re- 
porter's use. 

To  be  of  value,  a  system  must  be  legible.  A  system  in  which 
lengthy  outlines  are  mainly  used  may  be  legible,  but  it  cannot  be 
rapid  enough  for  the  higher  grades  .of  stenographic  work.  Its 
only  merit  is  its  legibility,  and  even  this  quality,  under  certain 
circumstances,  may  be  of  transient  or  evanescent  character;  for, 
if  the  hand-movement  be  accelerated,  as  it  must  be  in  the  attempt 
to  write  fast  enough  for  rapid  note-taking,  i.ts  legibility  is  seri- 
ously affected,  if  not  destroyed,  by  the  unavoidable  distortion  of 
its  outlines,  which,  owing  to  their  undue  length,  require  a  slower 
hand-movement  for  accurate  formation. 

To  be  of  value,  a  system  must  be  rapid,  and  to  be  rapid,  a  sys- 
tem must  be  brief;  but  great  brevity  of  outline  is  also  likely  to 
cause  illegibility,  for  the  briefest  outlines,  besides  being  less  sug- 
gestive than  longer  ones,  are  oftentimes  the  most  difficult  to 
write,  and  are  therefore  easily  distorted  when  not  written  with 
extreme  care. 

In  the  one  case,  legibility  is  secured  at  the  expense  of  speed ; 
in  the  other,  speed  is  secured  at  the  expense  of  legibility. 

How  to  secure  brevity  and  retain  legibility,  is  a  problem  the 
solution  of  which  must  be  of  the  highest  interest  to  all  sten- 
ographers. 

BREVITY  SECURED  BY  PHRASING. 

No  system  of  Shorthand  can  be  considered  as  perfect  as  it 
should  be  unless  all  superfluous  pen-motions  are  eliminated  from 


452273 


LEGIBILITY    SECURED    BY    PHRASING. 


it.  Every  pen-motion,  however  slight,  consumes  time.  As  the 
average  word,  when  written  in  a  phrase- form,  does  not  require 
more  than  one  pen-movement,  the  time  required  for  writing  one 
word  is  saved  whenever  two  words  are  joined,  for  the  lifting  of 
the  pen  between  words  always  involves  more  time  and  effort 
than  the  writing  of  a  single  stem.  When  this  saving  is  multiplied 
by  a  thousand  phrase-signs  in  a  single  report,  the  effect  upon  the 
brevity  of  the  writing  is  at  once  apparent,  and  further  argument 
would  be  superfluous.  That  those  who  do  not  use  phrasing 
appreciate  the  importance  of  saving  time,  is  shown  by  the  fact 
that  they  use  fountain  pens,  or  stiff,  unyielding  pencils,  for  the 
purpose  of  obviating  the  comparatively  trifling  loss  of  time  occa- 
sioned by  dipping;  and  it  is  amazing  that  any  reporter  can  be 
satisfied  to  work,  year  after  year,  without  an  attempt  to  avail 
himself  of  the  great  advantages  which  phrasing  affords. 

As  phrasing  secures  greater  brevity  of  writing,  the  labor  of 
reporting  is  naturally  decreased.  An  adept  at  phrasing  will 
write  less  than  half  the  number  of  pages  in  a  day's  work  that 
will  be  required  for  the  report  of  one  who  writes  without  phras- 
ing, and  yet  his  report  will  contain  fully  as  many  words  —  prob- 
ably more,  if  the  work  be  extremely  rapid.  It  is  always  a  source 
of  gratification  to  the  reporter  to  be  able  to  write  fast  enough 
to  make  his  report  verbatim,  although  required  to  put  forth  every 
effort  to  accomplish  that  result,  even  to  the  limit  of  utter  exhaus- 
tion, as  is  frequently  the  case  with  writers  of  a  disconnected 
style;  but  it  is  much  more  satisfactory  to  be  able  to  do  the  work 
more  easily  and  without  exhaustion,  by  the  use  of  rapidly-written 
phrase-signs. 

LEGIBILITY  SECURED  BY  PHRASING. 

Every  writer  of  disconnected  outlines  knows  how  very  difficult 
he  has  often  found  it  to  be  to  read  his  hurriedly-written  notes, 
and  how  anxiously  he  has  searched  the  context  for  some  clue  to 
the  meaning  of  an  outline  which  has  become  distorted  beyond 
recognition  in  his  effort  to  make  a  literal  report.  Text-book 
writers  have  been  disposed  to  encourage  the  student  to  rely  too 
much  upon  context  for  deciphering  outlines  lacking  inherent 


LEGIBILITY    SECURED    BY    PHRASING. 


legibility.  In  practical  reporting,  this  constant  and  necessary 
reliance  upon  the  context  is  a  standing  confession  of  the  inade- 
quacy of  the  system  used,  or  of  the  writer's  lack  of  training  in 
the  proper  use  of  it.  When  one  has  formed  the  habit  of  using 
the  few  simple  phrase-signs  contained  in  the  meager  lists  of  his 
text-book,  he  knows  that  he  never  has  any  trouble  in  reading 
them,  and  that  they  are  entirely  distinct  and  unmistakable  with- 
out the  aid  of  the  context.  This  should  be  to  him  a  sure  indica- 
tion that  any  further  improvement  in  his  writing  is  attainable 
only  by  the  adoption  of  a  more  extended  and  more  systematic 
method  of  phrasing. 

If  the  writing  of  an  expert  in  phrasing  be  examined,  there  will 
be  found,  in  every  sentence,  standing  out,  as  it  were,  in  bold  relief 
and  entirely  distinct  from  ordinary  word-forms,  phrase-signs 
which  are  readable  at  sight  and  without  the  slightest  aid  from 
the  other  words  of  the  sentence.  While  the  writer  of  the  dis- 
connected style  is  compelled  to  rely  constantly  upon  the  context, 
and  oftentimes  cannot  determine  the  meaning  of  a  particular 
word-form  without  scanning  with  careful  and  cautious  delibera- 
tion the  whole  sentence  in  which  it  is  found,  the  use  of  phrase- 
signs  in  the  writing  of  an  expert  renders  such  entire  dependence 
unnecessary,  for  the  phrase-signs,  by  reason  of  their  inherent 
legibility  when  properly  made,  not  only  suggest  their  own  mean- 
ing, but  also  furnish  a  key  to  the  meaning  of  the  context ;  while 
oftentimes  two  or  three  phrase-signs  constitute  a  complete  sen- 
tence. 

Besides  enabling  the  reporter  to  do  his  work  with  ease,  the 
increased  legibility  which  results  from  the  use  of  phrasing  enables 
him  to  turn  his  notes  over  to  a  copyist  for  direct  transcription, 
thereby  obviating  the  labor  of  copying  them  himself  or  the  neces- 
sity of  devoting  time  to  dictating  them  which  could  be  more 
profitably  employed.  In  an  experience  of  more  than  forty  years 
as  an  official  reporter  of  the  New  York  Supreme  Court,  it  has 
been  the  author's  uniform  custom  to  have  all  his  transcripts  made 
from  his  original  reports  by  copyists  having  no  knowledge  of  the 
matter  they  were  to  write  except  what  they  derived  from  the 
reading  of  the  notes.  Without  the  use  of  phrasing,  this  could 


SPEED    SECURED    BY    PHRASING. 


not  be   done   with  the  other  styles   of   Shorthand   except  by  the 
most  careful  and  accurate  writers. 

SPEED  SECURED  BY  PHRASING. 

The  student  need  not  be  surprised  to  find,  now  and  then,  a 
professional  reporter  who  uses  but  few  phrase-signs,  who  will 
assure  him  with  all  earnestness  that  phrasing  is  a  snare  and  a 
delusion  —  that  he  has  never  found  it  an  aid  to  speed,  and  thai 
the  use  of  it  should  be  avoided.  There  are  always  individuals 
to  be  found,  in  every  profession,  devoid  of  both  the  ambition  and 
the  ability  to  work  their  way,  by  dint  of  application  and  effort, 
to  the  highest  rank  of  their  profession,  or  even  to  the  accom- 
plishment of  anything  beyond  the  reach  of  mediocre  talent.  Such 
persons  are  ever  ready  to  ignore  the  cause  of  their  inferiority, 
especially  when  it  is  due  to  their  own  shortcomings,  and  they 
take  particular  pains  to  induce  themselves  and  others  to  believe 
that  the  standard  to  which  they  have  attained  is  the  extreme 
measure  of  all  that  is  possible  in  their  profession.  Probably 
there  is  not  one  of  these  wise  ones  —  who  "do  not  believe  in 
phrasing " —  who  has  not  committed  to  memory,  by  rote  and 
without  reference  to  scientific  rule,  the  few  simple  phrase-signs 
of  his  text-book,  which  he  uses  constantly,  and  which  even  his 
own  statements  of  belief  would  not  induce  him  to  abandon.  The 
very  fact  that  he  uses  them,  is  a  refutation  of  his  assertion  that 
phrasing  is  not  a  valuable  aid  in  reporting;  while  the  fact  that 
he  uses  no  others  is  proof  that  he  is  lacking  in  that  application 
and  persistency  of  purpose  which  always  characterize  the  expert 
in  any  line  of  work. 

That  the  use  of  phrasing  does  greatly  increase  the  speed  of 
Shorthand,  is  manifest  from  the  material  lessening  of  the  motions 
of  the  hand  which  results  from  its  use.  It  is  scarcely  necessary 
to  say  that  in  a  hurried  report  the  stenographer  has  enough  to  do, 
without  making  thousands  of  unnecessary  pen-movements.  All 
respectable  authorities  are  agreed  as  to  the  speed  value  of  phras- 
ing. Prof.  F.  G.  Morris,  author  of  The  Phrase  —  the  most 
scientific  wrork  ever  written  on  the  subject  —  says:  "The  phrase 
increases  speed  by  obviating  pen-liftings.  The  act  of  pen-lifting 


WHEN    PHRASING    SHOULD    BE    LEARNED.  7 

is  quite  complex.  In  addition  to  raising  the  pen,  moving  it 
along  a  little  space,  and  reapplying  it  to  the  paper,  there  are  the 
mental  acts  of  ending  one  word  and  beginning  another.  Of 
course,  all  these  processes  may  be  executed  quickly,  but  time  is 
time.  It  is  not  easy  to  estimate  a  point  like  this,  but  probably 
a  pen-lifting  requires  as  much  time  as  the  writing  of  two  strokes, 
possibly  three.  One  pen-lifting,  it  is  true,  does  not  require  much 
time,  but  many  hundreds  or  thousands  occurring  in  close  succes- 
sion are  a  serious  drawback."  Mr.  Moran,  author  of  The  Report- 
ing Style,  says:  "Every  pen-lifting  costs  nearly  half  a  second, 
or  the  loss  of  a  word ;"  and  that  "  the  practice  of  phrase-writing 
lessens  the  labor  of  reporting,  and  also  adds  to  speed  and  legi- 
bility." Mr.  D.  A.  Brown  says :  "  Mere  phonography,  pure  and 
simple,  is  hardly  adequate  for  practical  work."  Mr.  Longley 
places  the  average  gain  in  speed  by  the  use  of  phrasing,  at  twenty- 
five  per  cent.  Mr.  D.  W.  Brown  says :  "  In  all  our  Shorthand 
writing,  we  need  to  economize  time  by  indulging  as  little  as  pos- 
sible in  the  '  unregistered  movement,' "  i.  e.,  the  lifting  of  the  pen 
between  outlines ;  and  he  quotes  the  statement  of  another  writer, 
to  the  effect  that  no  less  than  forty  per  cent,  of  the  pen-move- 
ments are  thus  made  "  in  the  air."  He  also  quotes  with  approval 
the  statement  of  Mr.  Cremer,  that  by  the  adoption  of  a  system 
of  phrase-writing  his  own  speed  was  "  literally  hoisted  thirty  or 
forty  words  a  minute."  These  statements  from  some  of  the  best- 
known  experts  in  the  profession  should  certainly  carry  great 
weight  with  those  who  have  not  investigated  the  subject  in  actual 
practice.  It  may  be  safely  asserted  that  every  real  stenographic 
expert  of  the  present  day  uses  phrasing  very  largely  in  his  work, 
and  that  those  who  do  not  use  it  are  those  only  who  have  neg- 
lected to  familiarize  themselves  with  its  principles  and  rules,  or 
who,  for  lack  of  special  practice,  have  failed  to  acquire  pro- 
ficiency in  applying  them. 

WHEN  PHRASING  SHOULD  BE  LEARNED. 

In  most  of  the  text-books,  whatever  is  said  on  the  subject  of 
phrasing  is  deferred  to  the  latter  stage  of  the  study,  and  it  is 
generally  confined  to  brief  lists  of  the  simplest  phrases.  Few, 


O  WHEN    PHRASING    SHOULD    BE    LEARNED. 

if  any,  rules  are  given  to  guide  the  student  in  the  formation  of 
phrase-signs  outside  of  these  lists,  but  he  is  left  to  learn  by  expe- 
rience what  can  be  done  in  the  way  of  phrase-writing.  But 
experience  is  a  hard  schoolmaster,  and  the  result  is  usually  what 
might  be  expected.  With  nothing  to  guide  him,  the  young  sten- 
ographer often  finds  that  all  his  efforts  result  in  hesitation  which 
lessens  his  speed,  and  in  phrase-signs  which  cannot  be  read  be- 
cause of  improper  groupings  of  words.  It  is  not  surprising, 
then,  if  he  soon  abandons  all  attempts  at  the  formation  of  phrase- 
signs,  and  in  the  end  condemns  all  phrasing  as  worse  than  useless. 

The  student  of  Shorthand  should  learn  the  theory  and  practice 
of  phrasing  in  his  regular  course,  in  connection  with  the  study 
of  each  rule  governing  the  various  abbreviating  principles.  It  is 
by  the  employment  of  these  principles  in  the  representation  of 
words  that  the  most  useful  phrase-signs  are  formed.  Those  who 
have  made  some  progress  in  the  study  without  doing  this,  should 
at  once  review  the  Manual  and  make  up  for  their  neglect.  They 
will  find  themselves  amply  repaid  in  the  increased  brevity,  legi- 
bility, and  rapidity  of  their  notes. 

No  doubt,  many  writers  hesitate  to  incorporate  phrasing  into 
their  systems  because  of  the  amount  of  study  and  practice  that 
might  be  necessary.  Well,  one  cannot  get  something  for  nothing. 
"All  things  are  yours,"  if  you  are  willing  to  pay  the  price.  The 
silver  dollar,  lying  at  your  feet  in  the  street,  will  not  pick  itself 
up  for  you.  One  man  will  do  his  work  with  a  defective  tool, 
grumbling  as  he  works.  Another  will  use  the  necessary  time  and 
effort  to  repair  it  and  put  it  in  order,  and  will  then  finish  his  job 
quicker  and  better,  and  with  a  happier  heart. 

Other  writers  who  use  the  simpler  styles  of  Shorthand  would 
gladly  make  the  change  but  for  the  fear  that  the  attempt  to  use 
the  shorter  signs  might  cause  so  much  hesitation  as  seriously  to 
affect  their  speed,  or  that  they  might  not  be  able  to  read  the 
unfamiliar  signs  with  readiness.  This  fear  is  very  natural,  and 
one  might  well  hesitate  to  do  anything  that  might  have  such 
results.  There  is  no  danger  ot  this,  however,  if  the  matter  be 
taken  up  systematically.  A  single  rule  should  be  used  while 
engaged  in  actual  work,  until  it  can  be  applied  with  readiness ; 


WHAT    WORDS    SHOULD    BE    JOINED. 


then  another  should  be  taken  up  in  the  same  manner;  and  this 
should  be  continued  until  the  whole  art  of  phrasing  has  been 
acquired.  If  this  is  done  while  engaged  in  reporting  work,  no 
perceptible  loss  of  speed  will  occur,  but  a  decided  gain  will  be 
seen  with  the  incorporation  of  each  new  principle  into  the  writing ; 
and  the  mind  of  the  writer  being  upon  the  particular  principle 
while  doing  this,  he  will  readily  read  whatever  new  signs  he  may 
use.  It  is  in  this  manner  that  reporters  are  able  to  change  from 
one  Pitmanic  system  to  another  without  losing  speed  and  without 
confusing  their  notes. 

WHAT  WORDS  SHOULD  BE  JOINED. 

What  words  should  be  joined  in  a  phrase-sign,  is  a  matter  that 
should  engage  the  attention  of  every  thoughtful  student.  Any 
joining  of  words  that  may  be  made  without  difficulty  will  doubt- 
less add  to  the  speed  of  the  writer;  but  it  would  be  utterly  unsafe 
to  rely  upon  any  such  easy  way  of  solving  the  problem.  It  is 
not  every  junction  of  words  that  may  be  made  easily  that  will 
make  a  good  Shorthand  phrase.  Very  many  such  junctions 
would  be  illegible  —  and  one  of  the  principal  objects  of  phrase- 
writing  is  to  increase  legibility.  Prof.  Morris  says :  "  With  a 
very  few  exceptions,  words  should  be  joined,  not  merely  because 
they  can  be,  but  also,  and  principally,  because  they  belong  to- 
gether;" that  "  to  make  the  best  Shorthand  phrase,  the  relation 
must  be  such  as  to  produce  the  impression  of  completeness." 
This  is  an  admirable  statement  of  the  fundamental  rule  of  correct 
phrasing.  To  the  same  effect  is  the  statement  of  Mr.  Irland, 
that  Shorthand  phrasing  "  should,  as  nearly  as  possible,  follow 
the  groupings  of  natural  speech." 

The  ideal  phrase,  then,  is  made  by  the  joining  of  such  words 
as,  taken  together,  mean  something.  Because  of  its  completeness 
in  meaning,  such  a  phrase  is  always  legible  without  the  aid  of 
the  context ;  and  even  when  it  happens,  as  it  sometimes  does  by 
reason  of  the  character  of  the  outlines  of  the  words  involved  or 
of  some  other  inherent  difficulty,  that  all  the  words  cannot  be 
joined  readily,  the  phrase  may  be  divided,  and  the  separate  parts, 
read  together,  are  equally  legible. 


A    WORD    TO    THE    STUDENT. 


Unfortunately,  there  are  instances  when  necessity  and  con- 
venience require  that  words  be  joined  which  do  not  belong  to- 
gether in  the  strict  meaning  of  the  rule  stated  by  Prof.  Morris, 
but  it  is  possible  to  bring  these  exceptional  cases  within  such 
definite  rule  that  legibility  may  be  preserved  while  speed  is  greatly 
increased.  The  proposition  may  be  stated  generally  in  this  way: 
That  words  that  do  not  conform  to  the  general  rule  should  not 
be  joined  unless  the  immediate  context  is  such  as  to  render  the 
phrase  entirely  clear.  It  is  believed  that  in  the  following  pages 
such  phrases  are  so  classified,  illustrated,  and  explained,  that  the 
diligent  student  need  have  no  difficulty  in  using  them  intelligently 
and  effectively. 

A  WORD  TO  THE  STUDENT. 

The  value  of  this  book  to  a  student,  depends  upon  the  manner 
in  which  he  uses  it.  The  mere  possession  of  the  book,  or  a  cur- 
sory examination  of  it,  will  not  repay  him  for  his  investment  in  it. 
It  is  not  to  be  expected  that  he  will  commit  to  memory  the  exten- 
sive lists  of  phrases  here  given,  and  yet  he  cannot  know  too  many 
of  them ;  but  it  should  be  his  endeavor,  by  patient  and  intelligent 
practice  upon  .them,  to  familiarize  himself  with  the  different  prin- 
ciples upon  which  they  are  formed,  and  especially  with  the  reason 
for  each  rule,  that  he  may  always  be  able  to  apply  them  quickly 
and  correctly.  Speed  in  writing  depends  not  so  much  upon 
manual  dexterity  as  upon  perfect  knowledge  of  principle  and 
familiarity  with  outlines.  The  rapid  writer  is  he  who  knows 
what  to  write,  at  the  instant  he  hears  a  word  or  phrase  pro- 
nounced, and  who  is  able  to  put  it  upon  paper  promptly ;  but  he 
is  a  slow  writer  who  hesitates  and  deliberates  as  to  the  forms  of 
his  outlines  before  he  is  able  to  decide  how  they  should  be 
written. 

The  number  of  valuable  phrase-signs  that  may  be  formed  from 
the  rules  hereafter  stated,  is  incalculable.  Nearly  all  the  signs 
given  in  the  lists  may  be  extended  by  prefixing  or  adding  other 
words,  and  as  the  student  progresses  he  will  soon  find  that  phrase- 
signs  formed  under  any  particular  principle  may  be  combined 
with  those  formed  under  other  principles ;  and  not  until  it  is  seen 
to  what  extent  this  may  be  done  will  the  whole  power  of  the  sys- 


SIMPLE  PHRASING. 


tern  be  understood.  Thus,  the  phrase  did  you  is  formed 
by  using  the  word-sign  for  did  and  the  Y-hook;  for  did 
you  ever,  the  V-hook  is  added;  and  for  did  you  ever  knoiv 
him,  the  word-sign  for  know  and  the  M-hook  are  added; 
and  the  completed  phrase  of  five  words  is  written  with 
two  stems.  Written  separately,  five  stems  and  four  lifts  of 
the  pen  would  be  required.  The  phrase  why  did  you  say  it 
was  not  there,  is  formed  by  the  word-sign  for  why,  short- 
ened to  add  did;  the  you-semi-circle  joined  to  the  word- 
sign  for  say,  which  is  shortened  for  it;  and  the  word-sign 
for  was,  with  the  N-hook  for  not,  the  stem  being  length- 
ened for  there,  and  the  phrase  of  eight  words  is  written 
with  three  stems.  Written  separately,  eight  stems  and 
seven  lifts  of  the  pen  would  be  necessary. 


SIMPLE  PHRASING. 

Simple  Phrasing  may  be  divided  into  the  following  classes : 

1.  Phrases  formed  by  joining  words  without  change  of  outline ;  as,  ...-r 

It  may  be ;--V^^^v-- after  many  days;  ...S?,=^_v.. for  a  time;-->«^. 

nothing  has  been  done;  ....^C^...  whether  or  no;....^ she  has  J  been 

away.  i 

2.  Phrases  containing  one  or  more  words  which  are  contracted  more  than 
usual,  for  convenience  in  joining,  the  legibility  of  such  words  being  preserved 

by  their  relation  to  the  other  words  of  the  phrase;  as, f As  far  as: 

o  v_J  Vo 

--.„--  human  life;..-.vL..eternal  life;  .--7\e.--his  conversation ;. ^^~^- 

\^ ^_  /  I  » 

must  not  be;..-./--- much  more:---Xf-..for  instance; v---to  that  extent. 

^  if. 

3.  Phrases  in  which  a  word  usually  abbreviated  when  written  separately,  is 

written  in  full,  or  changed  in  form,  for  convenience  in  joining,  or  because  it 
might  conflict  with  another  word  of  similar  formation;  as, X. Did 

i  *  ^-7^ 

she  know; J it  belongs ;...kn.     for  his  party; Z in 

~X^<>  ^/\f 

his  letter;. L> the  night  time;  ...^Lr^?., .there  is  time  enough. 

4.  Phrases  in  which  it  is  necessary  to  insert  a  leading  vowel,  to  distinguish 
a  particular  word  which  is  thrown  out  of  its  usual  position ;  as, < 

In  no  case;...  ^TTT...  there  is  none ; . . .vrT". did  he  own  them;  ...77-1.  in 

doubt ;.-.AT^^P...  adjourned  my  cause. 

5.  Phrases  from  which  one  or  more  words  are  omitted  by  the  writer,  but 


GROUP  PHRASING. 


which  are  so  certainly  suggested  by  the  remaining  words  that  they  are  natural- 
ly supplied  in  reading;  as, ..  .TS...  Might  have  been; :„.  cause  and 

effect; cause  of  action; right  of  way; seems  to 

me; how   long  have  you  lived; how  long  have  you  been 

acquainted. 

6.  Phrases  that  are  divided,  to  avoid  some  difficulty  in  joining,  the  too  fre- 
quent repetition  of  the  same  stems,  or  .the  extending  of  the  outline  too  far 
from  the  line  of  writing;  as,  ,  ..J^r.-i He  ascertained  what  was  done; 

in  many  important  cases; Unv-.y tell  me  how 

much;  ..-V.-'V- paper  parcel. 

7.  Phrases  that  are  divided  in  order  to  prevent  their  being  mistaken  for 
other  phrases  or  word-forms;  as, --..i!R-..Be  sustained; / be  con- 
sistent ; ...  l. . .  a  judgment ; 7. . .  _^_ . .  a  large  amount. 

8.  Phrases  from  which  one  or  more  words  are  omitted,  but  which  are  read- 
ily suggested  to  the  reader  by  the  peculiar  form  of  the  phrase-sign;  as,  ...II... 

From  day  to  dayj-.-^TT^ from  time  to  time;    __f-__._from  year  to  year; 

—  \V_..  .Better  and  better; quicker  and  quicker; 

less  and  less ; <rt. . . .  greater  or  less ;  -  -  -<^J ready  to  begin ; 

to  return. 

GROUP  PHRASING. 

In  Group  Phrasing,  all  the  regular  attachments  to  stems,  such  as  circles, 
loops,  and  hooks,  as  well  as  the  halving  and  lengthening  principles,  are  used 
for  the  representation  of  words.  By  means  of  such  modifications  and  attach- 
ments, the  reporter  is  able  to  write,  in  a  most  convenient  and  rapid  manner 
and  with  perfect  legibility,  many  words  which,  if  written  in  their  usual  form 
and  phrased  in  the  ordinary  way,  would  necessitate  a  much  greater  number 
of  pen-motions  and  an  undue  length  of  phrase  outline.  For  the  purpose  of 
utilizing  these  expedients  to  the  fullest  extent — and  certainly  to  an  extent  im- 
possible in  any  other  system  of  shorthand — and  to  avoid  any  exceptional  and 
confusing  use  of  them,  the  word-signs  of  this  system,  with  a  very  few  excep- 
tions, are  written  with  full-length  stems,  to  each  of  which  all  these  expedients 
can  be  readily  and  uniformly  applied. 

Very  frequently,  the  words  of  a  phrase  occur  in  such  relation  to  each  other 
as  to  permit  two  or  more  word-signs,  with  their  modifications  and  attach- 


GROUP  PHRASING. 


ments,  to  be  used  in  the  same  phrase-sign;  as, -_.k^_ -Did  you  ever  know 

him; V___why  did  you  say  it  was  not  there; ^-j-.by  which  it  may 

have  beeni/;  _._A^.state  whether  or  not;  .___^T5.-why  did  you  go  there. 

Group  Phrasing  is  further  extended  to  the  joining  of  a  contraction  or  an 
uncontracted_word-form  to  a  phrase  that  is  written  in  accordance  with  these 

rules;  as, SrP_._  ..Did  you  know  his  father; T when  did  you 

X_k^-s                                                     T^ 
go  there  again; >..what  did  you  mean  by  it; v^> did  you  pay 

the  man. 

Contractions  and  uncontracted  word-forms  may  be  joined,  and  attach- 
ments and  modifications  applied  to  them,  so  far  as  stenographic  rules  permit ; 
as, -y I  believe  there  was  not;..-~^i^-~.--  the  picture  resembled 

him ;..-%. ..I  paid  him  the  money;  -<\s--.? number  of  instances; 

C         l^~>- '                                     _J  ig 

.-.-W^^... withdrew  the  money; ^ sne  Pa'd  ner  rent- 

In  some  cases,  a  word  usually  indicated  in  a  phrase-sign  by  an  attachment 
to  or  a  modification  of  a  word-sign,  is  written  with  its  ordinary  outline,  for 
convenience  in  joining;  as,-.trr>>__  At  the  time;  ...J-^^... what  did  you  say  to 

him;  —  --^ cannot  say  it  was ;...  -^~-  --  about  what  time ;  -  -  4x-_- -  -  -  at 

the  present)  time. 

As  in  simple  phrasing,  one  or  more  words  that  are  clearly  suggested  by  the 

character  of  the  phrase-sign,  are  sometimes  omitted ;  as, Lfe...  It  must  have 

been;  ...-r^r^...  gave  it  to  him. 

A  phrase  is  sometimes  divided  into  two  parts,  on  account  of  difficulty  in 
joining  the  words;  as,  -.--j---l^^..  He  was  not  there  at  the  time;  ../?*•- __k.- 

when  did  he  tell  you  so; .... *^r? we  gave  him  the  contract;  .J^C-.JL... 

it  is  better  than  the  other;  -..-rs ^....did  you  go  there  in  the  evening. 

The  usual  outline  of  a  word  may  often  be  changed  in  form,  or  shortened, 

for  greater  convenience  in  phrasing;  as, /L---.I  do  not  recollect  the  occa- 

1  *-***>  I 

sion;....!^^--  did  you  hear  the  testimony ;  ..          ...in  writing;  ___Aa__. 

physician  and  surgeon; S^ very  much  like  it; o^....he  has  been 

there;. .-"p  -..  I  went  down  there;. ..77^..  in  your  statement  j.-.^L^-. you 
have  no  recollection. 

Many  very  valuable  phrase-signs  are  made  by  an  exceptional  use  of  certain 

word-forming  principles;  as,  ___!y. Further  than;  ..^rrQ may  there 

have  been  ;....Trt.-.  instead  of ; . he  did  not. 


14  DISTINGUISHING    WORDS   IN    PHRASE-SIGNS. 

DISTINGUISHING  WORDS  IN  PHRASE-SIGNS. 

There  are  many  contractions  and  a  few  word-signs  which, 
when  standing  alone,  cannot  be  written  out  of  their  proper  posi- 
tions without  risk  of  their  conflicting  with  other  words.  Most  of 
these,  when  joined  with  other  words  in  a  phrase-sign  are  perfectly 
distinct  and  unmistakable,  because  of  their  intimate  relation  to 
such  other  words.  There  are  a  few,  however,  that  require  special 
treatment,  as  will  be  seen  by  the  examples  given  below. 

Accident,  Exclude,  etc. —  In  some  systems  of  Shorthand,  initial 
K-stem  is  omitted  in  such  words  as  accident,  exclude,  extent,  etc. 
This  expedient  makes  necessary  the  utmost  care  in  writing,  and 
frequently  causes  much  hesitation  in  reading,  owing  to  the  exces- 
sive brevity  of  the  outlines.  The  expedient  is  in  many  cases 
unnecessary,  and  should  be  avoided.  In  a  phrase-sign,  how- 
ever, it  is  often  an  advantage  to  omit  the  K-stem ;  as,  Railroad 
accident,  7?rsDnt;  to  that  extent,  TDhsTnt;  they  were  excluded, 
DhrsKIDd;  cause  of  the  accident,  KsVtsDnt;  full  extent,  FlsTnt. 

After. —  This  word  should  be  written  with  the  lengthened  stem, 
Ftr,  when  the  word  would  otherwise  be  out  of  position. 

Any,  No. — As  any  and  no  occupy  different  positions,  there  is 
no  chance  of  their  conflicting  when  standing  alone  or  when  be- 
ginning a  phrase.  Elsewhere  in  a  phrase,  no  should  be  vocalized 
wherever  it  is  not  distinguished  by  the  other  words  to  which  it 
is  attached.  The  use  of  the  J-tick  for  other,  distinguishes  any 
other  from  neither,  and  no  other  from  another. 

Autumn  should  be  vocalized,  in  a  phrase-sign,  as  it  is  some 
times  necessary  to  write  time  with  the  same  outline. 

Conversation. —  The  hook  may  be  omitted  when  the  full  form 
of  the  contraction  cannot  be  joined  easily  to  a  preceding  word. 

Belong. —  When  written  out  of  position,  belong  should  be  writ- 
ten BINg,  to  distinguish  it  from  believe. 

Do  not. —  When  out  of  position,  it  is  sometimes  necessary  to 
insert  the  vowel  O,  in  this  phrase,  to  avoid  conflict  with  did  not 
or  had  not. 

Doubt  should  be  vocalized,  when  written  out  of  position. 


DISTINGUISHING    WORDS   IN    PHRASE-SIGNS.  15 

Change. —  The  word-sign  cannot  be  used  out  of  position.  The 
word  should  be  written  ChJ,  in  such  case. 

Copy. —  The  final  vowel  should  be  inserted,  whenever  the  verb 
copy  might  conflict  with  keep. 

Ever. —  Ever  may  be  written  with  a  V-hook  in  the  middle  of 
a  phrase.  At  the  end  of  a  phrase,  it  should  be  written  Vr,  in  any 
case  where  it  might  conflict  with  have. 

Else,  Less. —  Else  should  always  be  written  downward,  when 
possible,  in  a  phrase,  and  less  upward.  It  is  permissible  to  write 
else  upward  after  the  phrases  any  one  and  no  one,  but  it  should 
always  be  vocalized  if  written  upward  in  other  cases. 

Half. —  This  word  sometimes  occurs  in  such  connection  with 
other  words  as  to  conflict  with  after,  in  which  cases  the  vowel 
should  be  inserted. 

Is  it  is  written  Zt  in  the  first  position,  as  a  special  phrase,  or 
when  beginning  a  phrase. 

Gentlemen. —  When  written  out  of  position  in  a  phrase,  the 
outline  JtMn  should  be  used. 

Know  their  should  be  vocalized,  if  written  in  the  third  position. 

Large  amount. —  These  words  should  not  be  joined,  as  they 
would  have  the  same  form  as  the  word  judgment. 

Lately  should  be  vocalized,  in  a  phrase-sign,  to  avoid  conflict 
with  little.- 

Not  necessary. —  If  these  words  occur  after  another  word  in  a 
phrase-sign,  care  should  be  taken  that  not  be  written  so  short 
that  the  words  cannot  be  read  unnecessary. 

Men,  Women. —  The  vowel  should  be  inserted,  when  either  of 
these  words  is  written  out  of  position. 

Neither  should  be  vocalized,  when  written  out  of  position. 

Old,  Late. —  To  distinguish  these  words,  old  should  be  vocal- 
ized, or  written  downward,  in  a  phrase-sign. 

Own. —  When  used  as  a  verb,  own  should  always  be  vocalized, 
if  written  out  of  position. 

Pond,  Point. —  Where  both  these  words  occur  in  the  same 
report,  pond  should  be  vocalized. 

Parted,  Party. —  These  words  should  be  written  in  full,  in  a 
phrase-sign. 


l6  DISTINGUISHING    WORDS    IN    PHRASE-SIGNS. 

Recollect,  Recollection,  may  in  a  few  cases  he  written  with  the 
straight  R  struck  downward,  where  the  upstroke  cannot  be  easily 
joined;  as  in  the  phrases,  /  do  not  recollect;  you  have  no  recol- 
lection. 

Remember. —  The  hook  may  be  omitted,  to  facilitate  joining 
with  a  previous  word. 

Say. —  Say  should  be  vocalized,  whenever  it  is  necessary  to 
write  the  word  with  a  stem. 

Same,  Some. —  If  any  danger  of  conflict  between  these  words 
be  apprehended,  some  should  be  vocalized. 

Should. —  This  word  should  always  be  written  with  the  tick, 
when  the  stem  word-sign  cannot  be  placed  in  the  third  position. 

Take,  Took. —  In  cases  where  either  of  these  words  is  liable  to 
be  read  for  the  other,  the  vowel  may  be  written  to  the  stem  word- 
sign,  without  using  the  K-stem. 

The  other. —  This  phrase  is  written  with  the  lengthened  stem, 
Dhtr. 

Thought. —  This  word  should  be  written  with  the  half-length, 
Tht,  when  the  full-length  stroke  cannot  be  placed  in  the  first 
position. 

Thoughts  should  be  written  with  the  half-length,  in  any 
position.  . 

These,  Those. —  In  phrasing,  it  is  occasionally  necessary  to 
vocalize  these,  when  out  of  position,  to  distinguish  it  from  this 
and  those.  Those  should  also  be  vocalized,  whenever  it  is  likely 
to  conflict  with  these  or  this. 

Time. —  This  word  should  be  written  in  full,  Tm,  if  neither  the 
M-hook  nor  the  stem  word-sign  can  be  joined;  as  in  the  phrases, 
night  time,  NtTm ;  there  is  time  enough,  DhrsTmNf. 

To  is  usually  omitted  in  reporting,  and  indicated  by  writing 
the  words  near  each  other  between  which  it  occurs;  and  the 
words  to  the  may  often  be  indicated  in  the  same  way.  In  a  few 
cases,  to  is  more  quickly  and  easily  indicated  by  shortening  the 
last  stem  of  the  outline  preceding  it.  After  an  S-circle,  to  is 
sometimes  indicated  by  changing  the  circle  to  a  loop.  When  to 
is  followed  by  a  word  that  can  be  added  by  the  use  of  a  circle, 
loop,  hook,  or  other  expedient,  in  accordance  with  the  rules  of 


TICKS   USED    IN    PHRASING.  17 

group  phrasing,  it  is  generally  better  to  write  it  with  the  T-stem, 
with  the  subsequent  word  so  added.  At  the  beginning  of  a  sen- 
tence or  clause,  to  is  indicated  by  writing  the  succeeding  word 
entirely  below  the  line.  If  the  succeeding  word  be  horizontal,  01 
half-length,  it  should  be  written  a  little  lower  than  the  normal 
position  of  a  third-position  horizontal  word-sign. 

Why  should  never  be  written  out  of  position,  unless  vocalized ; 
and  it  should  be  vocalized  in  the  few  cases  in  which  it  might  pos- 
sibly conflict  with  without  when  written  in  the  first  position. 

POSITIONS  OF  PHRASES. 

The  general  rule  as  to  the  positions  of  words  in  phrases  is, 
that  the  first  word  of  a  phrase  should  be  written  in  the  position 
it  would  occupy  if  written  separately.  This  rule  is  modified, 
however,  in  the  following  particulars : 

1.  When  a  phrase  begins  with  either  of  the  tick  word-signs 
for  A,  An,  And,  He,  I,  or  The,  or  with  a  semi-circle,  the  second 
word  of  the  phrase  should  be  written  in  position,  and  not  the  tick 
or  semi-circle. 

2.  The  tick  word-signs  for  All,  Awe,  Already,  and  On,  are  only 
used  initially,  and  are  never  written  out  of  their  regular  positions ; 
except  that  either  of  them  may  be  slightly  raised  or  lowered,  when 
prefixed  to   an   outline  beginning  above  the  line  of  writing,   in 
order   to   bring   the   second    word   of  the   phrase   to   its   proper 
position. 

3.  When  a  phrase  begins  with  a  first-position  horizontal   or 
half-length  word-form,   or  with  the  circle  for  Is  or  His,  such 
word-form  or  circle  may  be  slightly  raised  or  lowered  to  bring 
the  second  word  of  the  phrase  to  its  regular  position. 

TICKS  USED  IN  PHRASING. 

The  tick  word-signs  play  a  very  important  part  in  phrase-writ- 
ing. If  used  properly,  they  are  of  great  value.  If  used  improp- 
erly, the  value  of  the  phrase  may  be  seriously  impaired,  and  in 
some  cases  even  its  meaning  may  be  reversed.  This  is  especially 
true  as  to  the  ticks  for  He  and  /,  and  particular  care  should  bt 


l8  TICKS    USED    IN    PHRASING. 

taken  that  neither  of  these  words  be  written  with  the  sign  appro-, 
priated  to  the  other.  For  these  reasons,  and  in  order  that  the 
uses  of  the  ticks  may  be  thoroughly  understood,  full  illustrations 
are  given  of  every  possible  manner  in  which  they  may  be  attached 
to  stems. 

When  two  or  more  ticks  are  provided  for  the  same  word,  that 
tick  should  be  chosen  in  each  particular  case  which  will  make 
the  most  distinct  angle  with  the  stem. 

It  is  very  much  better  that  final  ticks  be  used  rather  than  initial 
ticks,  and  the  latter  should  not  be  used  when  the  word  can  as 
readily  be  indicated  by  a  tick  attached  to  the  preceding  outline. 
Exceptions  are  made  to  this  rule  in  respect  to  the  ticks  for  7  and 
How,  as  well  as  to  those  word-signs  which  are  only  used  initially. 

A,  AN,  AND  AND. 

A,  An,  or  And,  is  indicated  by  the  T-  or  K-tick,  before  or  after 
any  simple  or  hooked  stem;  except  that  before  Lay  the  K-tick 
should  always  be  used. 

HE. 

The  Chay-tick  is  the  word-sign  for  He,  and  should  always  be 
used  for  that  word  at  the  beginning  of  a  phrase,  when  it  will 
make  a  distinct  angle  with  the  stem  following  it.  When  this 
tick  is  used  before  Lay,  the  stem  should  be  given  a  little  extra 
slope,  to  make  the  tick  more  distinct.  He  is  never  indicated  by 
any  other  tick,  either  when  standing  alone  or  at  the  beginning 
of  a  phrase-sign. 

The  word  He  must  be  attached  by  a  tick  to  the  preceding  out- 
line, or  written  separately,  before  any  stem  with  which  the  Chay- 
tick  would  not  make  a  distinct  angle. 

He  must  be  attached  to  the  preceding  outline,  or  written  sepa- 
rately before  LI,  Rl,  R\,  Ml,  Wl,  or  HI.  To  all  other  L-hook 
stems  He  is  prefixed  by  the  Chay-tick. 

He  must  be  attached  to  the  preceding  outline,  or  written  sepa- 
rately before  Kr,  Gr,  Lr,  Rr,  Rr,  Mr,  and  Hr.  To  all  other 
R-hook  stems  He  is  prefixed  by  the  Chay-tick. 


TICKS    USED    IN    PHRASING.  19 

In  the  middle  or  at  the  end  of  a  phrase-sign,  He  may  be  indi- 
cated by  the  Chay-,  P-,  or  Ray-tick. 

HIM. 

Him  may  be  indicated  by  the  P-tick,  after  a  final  hook,  when- 
ever it  would  be  inconvenient  to  use  the  M-hook  or  the  H-stem 
for  that  word. 

HOW. 

How  is  indicated  at  the  beginning  of  a  phrase-sign,  by  the 
Chay-  or  Ray-tick  written  immediately  below  the  line  of  writing. 

In  the  middle  of  a  phrase-sign,  How  may  be  indicated  by  either 
of  these  ticks,  following  the  positions  of  the  stems  to  which  it  is 
attached. 

I. 

/  is  indicated  by  the  T-tick,  before  R  and  W;  by  the  P-tick, 
before  Lay,  Ray,  M,  and  H ;  and  by  the  Ray-tick  before  any 
other  stem. 

In  the  middle  or  at  the  end  of  a  phrase-sign,  /  may  be  indicated 
by  the  K-tick,  but  only  in  cases  where  the  T-tick  cannot  be  used. 

/  is  never  indicated  by  an  inclined  tick  in  the  middle  or  at  the 
end  of  a  phrase-sign. 

IT. 

It  is  indicated  by  the  Chay-,  P-,  or  Ray-tick,  after  any  simple 
or  hooked  half-length  stem,  or  after  a  loop. 

OF,  TO. 

The  P-tick  may  be  joined  after  an  N-hook,  to  add  the  word 
Of  or  To,  in  a  few  phrases;  as,  By  means  of;  he  means  to; 
kind  of;  kind  to. 


20  TICKS    USED    IN    PHRASING. 

OX 

When  written  alone  or  joined  to  a  succeeding  stem,  On  may 
be  indicated  by  the  Ray-tick  written  above  the  line.  In  a  few 
instances,  where  this  tick  will  not  join  at  a  distinct  angle,  the 
word  On  may  be  written  with  the  Chay-tick. 

SHOULD. 

Should  is  indicated  by  the  Ray-tick,  if  that  can  be  more  easil> 
joined  to  a  following  stem  than  the  stem  Sh.  When  preceded 
by  He,  I,  or  You,  or  when  used  initially,  the  tick  must  rest  on 
the  line. 

THE. 

The  is  indicated  by  the  Chay-  or  Ray-tick,  before  or  after  any 
simple  or  hooked  stem ;  except  that  before  Lay  The  is  always 
indicated  by  the  Chay-tick,  the  stem  being  a  little  more  inclined 
than  usual  to  accommodate  the  tick.  In  a  very  few  cases,  The 
may  be  indicated  by  the  P-tick. 

THEIR,  THERE,  OTHER. 

After  a  final  circle  or  hook,  or  a  half-length  curved  stem,  a 
shaded  tick,  struck  in  the  direction  of  B  or  J,  is  used  for  Their 
or  There. 

This  tick  is  occasionally  used  for  Other,  especially  after  the 
N-stem. 

The  N-hook,  followed  by  this  tick,  expresses  the  word  Another. 

CIRCLES  AND  HOOKS. 

The  small  circles  and  hooks  may  be  used  in  connection  with  the 
tick  word-signs,  with  the  same  effect  as  when  attached  to  stem 
word-signs.  These  combinations  should  not  be  made  by  careless 
writers,  as  they  are  likely  to  be  illegible  unless  made  with  ex- 
treme care. 


TICK  PHRASE-SIGNS.                                               21 

TICK  PHRASE-SIGNS 

He  not 

*      All  he-the 

!,  —  Owe  what 

3  All  we-would 

i_                        -were 

1—  On  the 

—  •>-£--  How  have 

-\™_--I   Will 

*< 

.t  On  to 

^l^.On  what 

<\  0  £.     , 

1  were 

.?.  And  all 

On  you-r 

We  and  you 

On  all 

>;  We  should 
S-.-Were  the 

—   _  -.On  or 

-.-.And  how 

~*                   And   1 

.r  Who  he-the 

</  Should  all 

jt-.Who  should 
.$  Who  would 

,»       Should  have 

-°             Should  not 

„__  __And  we-what 

£V_You  and  he 
-1-,  You  and  I 

v_     Two  have-of 

-would-were 

as—You  should 
_\  All  will 

1       Who  were 

He  and  I 

P              Who  will 

x.  He  should 

All  were 

All  is-his-as-has 

i.-He  would 

-^  How  he-the 

Already  will 

_o                ...       -has 

.  _  -How  we-  were 

Already  were 

"would 

Already  have 

^=  And  will 

<•  Should  a-an 

=:  —  And  were 

-•£  And  as  he-the 

^.--Should  he-the 

^  And  have-of 

He  is 

p^—How  is-his-has 

^f-_  Should  their 
-there 

-I  He  will 

/-..Heor 

j>        Should  his 

x~   -Should  you-r 

A                    Whn  i«-ha« 

NOTE.  —  When  two  or  more  phrases  are  written  with  the  same  sign,  the  fact  is  indicated   by 
hyphens.      Thus,  "  If-Form  it-the,"  shows  that  the  same  phrase-sign  is  used  for   If  it.   If  the, 
Form  it,   Form  the. 

12                                         TICKS  JOINED  TO  STEMS. 

Is  all                       f>            As- 

Was  he-t 
>hould 
say 
:ady  say 
say 
say 

y 

0  TO 

he         * 

Should  say 
Who  say 
And  first 
I  first 
The  first 
And  is  there 
And  as-has  there 

on 

p 
Is  already                      x  -_As 

6 

Is  a-an-and                        -  All 

3 

—  f.—  Is  he-the                  .     _t  —  -Air 

2? 

°"            Is  on                        -c>         —Anc 

a-       As-Has  a-an          ...     He 

P 

P.  -As  [                       ~-f  I  sa 

TICKS  JOINEI 
A. 

-              A  piece 

J  

STEMS. 

_A  surety 

i    ^ 

> 

—A..  .A  belief 

-? 

-g- 

-A  slight 

•^ 

A  time 

-f\..  A  practice 
.N  —  ____A  book 

rCJ 

^  —  • 

*  A  remark 

\     A  subject 

^  A  brother 

-^_ 

.  A  manner 

1...  A  talk 

-^ 

..A  scene 

J    _A  tree 

s 

A  wheel 

---.J--.A  delivery 

r 

._A  young 

.-A  hat 
A  thing 

_/t>  A  consideration 
Z_          A  check 

^3"^ 

-<4_ 

A  song 

:£__  A  juror 

An. 

"E—  r_A  claim 

.rv 

-An  apprehens 

-r^7  __A  care 

-1 

An  ode 

1  —  y  A  cane 

A  description 

7, 

An  etching 

-..__  \P   A  face 

x. 

j^>!--'  A  saving 

3o—  _ 

.-An  event 

.  ^v_  _A  very 

7 

An  oath 

_y  A  house 
_._.^_  A  show 

.-An  ocean 

5 

TICKS  JOINE1 

3  TO  STEMS.                                       23 

f—e.         An  election 

-  Cannot  a-an-and 

^     An  argument 

rr?_Govern  a-an-and 

i            An  error 

.S-^  For  a-an-and 

____-*  —  ff_An  emotion 

i       Have  a-an-and 

An  honor 

/      ^ 
Ji'  Within  a-an-and 

,.5L-/-  An  only 

.;  _  Assign  a-an-and 

And. 

_>^  __And  remember  a-an 

Mean  a-an-and 

._  —  ."X  —  And  about  a-an 

^^ 

v  —  ^~        Known  a-an-and 

And  trim 

__  ^  And  did  a-an 

All. 

7 

\  All  people 

_t  And  which  a-an 

u_  , 

a.  All  principles 

And  give  a-an 

T 

^_            All  had 

_Vi  And  offer  a-an 

__      ^  .-All  delivered 

\___And  have  a-an 

_4>  All  directions 

_S  And  thought  a-an 

7     All  which 

__7_  And  that  a-an 

\      \ 

.  All  can 

—  -A-"_A11  questions 

~_i^l-_And  shall  a-an 

^-_  All  of  it 

_/C._.__And  allow 

^    s. 

All  over 

_____ji  And  where  a-an 

All  other 

•rfr^rrj  —  And  make  a-an 

<T_A11  will 

--------  And  in  a-an 

J^  All  right 

All  may 

__^  All  ways 

p  ..Open  a-an-and 

^--All  you-r 
Already. 

Already  built 

_  __  Whatever  a-an-and 

•     ..—Already  delivered 

If-            Whichever  a-an-and 

^..Already  arranged 

Achieve  a-an-and 

Already  made 

y             Join  a-an-and 

_„  Already  signed 

24                                       TICKS  JOINED  TO  STEMS. 

He. 

.^.  He  applied 

-Jjp-.He  supposed 

/T^   ..Will  he  have 

-  -  -  A?i  Were  he  not 

\ 

J\>  He  remembers 

He  tried 

>=^  Know  he  was 

r          _He  told 

f     He  delivered 

-l._  He  drew 

—  -,/t  —  He  challenged 
4-=^L  He  claims- 

Him. 

He  agreed 

-.  He  offered 

1                      T 

~--He  valued 
-£"-  He  threw 
y     He  savs 

—..U—  Offend  him 

./.  He  was 

J.-He  should 
-3  He  measured 

--Around  him 

i^~  He  will 

Wound  him 

_T>-^  He  remained 

_    -5 
^            Behind  him 

—  /rs^.He  may  be 
r\  __He  would 

How. 

How  about 

^-.He  would  be 
+*           He  hated 

_.     -_     How  much 

_          How  large 

**~  '  .       Did  he  know 

—  -t  —  Didn't  he  say 
A^SL  —  Which  he  intended 
.  Can  he  make 

.  How  fast 

__How  often 

,       How  thick 

1-  —  After  he  went 
L  Thought  he  was 
y  —  That  he  may 
<L.  Shall  he  not 

How  shall 

2 

jx^T-How  will 
^__  How  were 

TICKS  JOINED  TO  STEMS.                                       25 

How  many 

_~y  [  adjourned 

I  can 

9T.     -  I  seek 

__-_W=.I  claim 

How  long 

^rr-_  I  care 

__-_V,--  About  how  much 

^  —    I  question 

m  I  give 

|j                  I    OCCUDV 

^  —  ..I  began 
y              I  agree 

i\  --I  hooe-oav 

_i»__I  forget 

•V             .1  nut 

-v=.---     I  value 

-y.---- 

-____^-_I  speak 

____;^  I  offer 

\>_  .  I  suppose 

_i  I  saw-see 

-"\---I  happen 
^  I  bid 

)      I  say 

_2  _         I  was 

S  I  believe 

/...I  shall 

>  I  remember 

1           I  should 

'    --I  ought 

T._  I  assure 

4  I  took 

v^r            I  recollect 

VI 

v  I  try  to  have 

—  ^X  -  -  1  recovered 
_y^~.  .    I  will 

ti 
r            _I  strive 

1       I  state 

...tf~   I  sell 

f             I  told 

I  am 

^              I  did 

I  mean 

f___I  said 

g          -X 

I  remark 

r  __I  delivered 

/*—*  1  know 

^...I'drew 

/            I  changed 

.^N.  [  would 

V  —  I  would  be 
^     N 
.A  1  always  was- 

I  think 

./.  1  challenge 
'       I  object 

-j.  1  judge 
/        I  suggest 

-^Tb^  ][  I  remember 

26                                      TICKS  JOINED  TO  STEMS. 

^-.,           For  I  told  you 

T-^    If  I  could  be 

xv._Should  be 
*L  Should  have  thought 

'  —  '  —    .1  know  I  can 

__How  can  I 

—  *?s<--Shou]d  nothing  else 
/r^rtT  Should  not  know 

"-"VJT-       When  I  agreed 

---_-V-Why  1  thought  so 
p^  '  .Shall  I  make 

-j  —  Should  that  occur 
/Sr^-  —  Should  never 
~                          The. 

_\__Where  I  have 
^r3<r=^_I  know  I  am 
^-^  For  I  recollect 

—.  -\-The  bank 

1 

J             The  talk 

__  ^-w/_  Whether  I  need  it 

r?i-»~i_-When  I  know 
.  J          But  I  think  I  am 

!|---The  truth 
,|_   The  delivery 

Should. 
fc\_  It  should  be 

Ir^.It  should  not  be 
-it------It  should  have 

I      The  doctor 

ti__It  should  not  have 

-V"   .     We  should  not 

—  ..J^.We  should  have 
-?k^.  —  Always  should  have 
v^.,1  should  be 
i^tx  1  should  not  be 
VS^_  .I  should  suppose 
v^_  1  should  have  said 
--J-tL—He  should  have 
f~^-.  —  He  should  not  have 
*\._He  should  be 
f^r?  He  should  know 

.7  The  jury 

<  The  company 

«4=-_  The  claim 

-* 

_„_        The  form 

_       The  offer 

^*  ~       The  safe 

__._Sr__The  evil 

_              The  thought 

C     The  three 

*f    Why  should  he 

_i  The  house 
<  —  The  show 

<rrv<  When  should  he 
----^^j-How  should  he 
n^5-.-.You  should  have  seen 

TICKS  JOINED  TO  STEMS.                                         27 

j-~~-       He  made  it-the 

^L            The  railroad 

&-i  I  sent  it-the 

<s      The  railway 

-  -.  ^t.We  need  it-the 

In  regard  to  it-the 

*3  --The  errand 

On. 

^o  On  suspicion 

The  master 

1       On  it 

^  s   The  remark 

Y            On  trial 

^-^       --The  only 

.'__;  J      On  duty 

^  —  '-.The  manner 

-/  On  which 

r  y     The  unknown 

On  the  committee 

-V.The  weather 
.I  The  work 

On  account 

"l^    On  having 

6      The  youngest 

_C  On  them 

^            The  heat 

.1  On  that 

The  thing 

L 

to             On  these 

It,  The. 

/      .   ..Occupied  it-the 

«      On  this 

^  He  opened  it-the 

/             On  those 

^-  _   .   I  believed  it-the 

/ 

/  On  the  other 

:V-.He  remembered  it-the 

--.   .   ..I  tried  it-the 

..  _i?---He  told  it-the 

i.  1  delivered  it-the 

1  —  1  changed  it-the 

.-  1  imagined  it-the 

^7-.He  gained  it-the 

Their,  There. 
_/i  Open  their-there 

V^—Been  their-there 
/J             Taken  their-there 

^..-They  shut  it-the 
j/3.  I  loaned  it-the 

Down  their-there 

*           Continue  their-there 

^x--I  allowed  it-the 
-'V    -       He  heard  it-the 

Because  their-there 

~?  Gain  their-there 

28                                         TICKS  JOINED  TO  STEMS. 

x\  Forgotten  their-there 

Another. 
.^.-   -   -Upon  another 

-X--Pav  another 

G  —  Learn  their-there 

--   _r-._By  another 

s  —  a 

^--   —  Before  another 

Means  their 

\._About  anothei 

—  .k~£-  Knows  their 

J-.    At-Take  another 

7Ji  —  Earn  their-there 

V         1 

J.-.Did  another 

jj.  Do  another 

Other. 
Begin  other 

J  —  Had  another 
'   Give-n  another 

,/...  Imagine  other 
-^77  Call  other 

J*             Worth  another 

—  .-...Cannot  other 

.  —  ,  ~ 
'          .  -  Like  other 

.-r^.May  another 

TT?.  Gain-Again  other 

TL   -       If  other 

„.-  Beyond  another 

^  -For  other 

Jkik_  Then  other 

s?^  -When  another 
Of,  To. 

i       After  other 

*             Wish  other 

"^      Kind  of 

-J  -.Should  other 
Any-In  other 

^s^t  No  other 

*           Continue  to 

Nor  other 

Q  

Seen  other 

"^            Kind  to 

Means  to 

TICKS  JOINED  TO  STEMS. 


The  A-tick  is  written  in  the  place  of  the  Con-dot,  for  A  con-,  A  coin-, 
And  con-,  or  And  com-. 

•^  1 

„_ A  combination 

_^..And  combine 

3i> And  complain 

\j And  condemn 

^c? A  compensation 


And  contract 

A — A  construction 

Aa A  confession 

1 And  completed 

Srs-p- A  conveyance 


The  con-  or  The  com-  is  expressed  by  writing  a  diagonal  tick  in  the  place  of 
the  Con-dot. 

> 


The  contention 
__  _x^P_-The  comparison 
A  ______  The  concession 

___  ^Q  ___  The  composition 
\  _______  The  complaint 


The  contest 

condemnation 

The  control 

.3 — The  concern 
The  consignee 

The  A-tick  is  written  in  the  place  of  the  Ing-dot,  for  Ing  a,  Ing  an,  or 
Ing  and. 

?±f=i. Becoming  a-an-and 

.'.Calling  a-an-and 

Costing  a-an-and 

[ Doing  a-an-and 

J_ Changing  a-an-and 


Giving  a-an-and 

.-"TJ-Forming  a-an-and 


Acknowledging  a-an-and 

_|. Considering  a-an-and 

Trying  a-an-and 


A  diagonal  tick,  written  in  the  place  of  the  Ing-dot,  adds  the  word  The  after 
the  syllable  Ing. 


_!? Enriching  the 

-_ — ^\-  Representing  the 

._« Signing  the 

\__-Abusing  the 

vj Containing  the 

A  small  circle,  written  in  the  place  of  the  Ing-dot,  adds  the  word  f/w  or 
after  the  syllable  Ing. 


S_ Referring  the 

x^N__  Losing  the 

J Taking  the 

-._J_— -Trying  the 
rr3<- Connecting  the 


±^.° Asking  his-us 

>v 
_\ Bringing  his-us 

Calling  his-us 


_L Delivering  his-us 

_^__Enriching  his-us 

_V2ft Furnishing  his-us 


30 


THE  S-CIRCLE. 


-Giving  his-us 
Leaving  his-us 
.Making  his-us 


jy. Observing  his-us 

o< — Serving  his-us 

.o : — Trying  his-us 


THE    S-CIRCLE. 

Is,  His,  As,  Has,  Us,  or  Say,  is  added  to  another  word  by  the  S-circle. 


„ Property  is 

\> — Hope-Pay  is 

V _Part-y  is 

*    I 


.What  is 
-It  is 


i— But  is 

I      b 
-X Difference  is 

a — Defendant  is 

4. Each  is 

o — Which-Change  is 

./ Charge-Much  is 

"...Object  is 

&. Age- Agent  is 

JL-- Advantage-Judge  is 

^    o 

Committee  is 

-f.-Form-Wife  is 

^.        Half  is 

•?. ..Thought  is 

ia__.  ...Oath  is 


>p- Ever  is 

.to — Month  is 

/. That  is 

«. — So  is 

_}__.  .__ As- Whose  is 


of. Usually  is 

SL — Here  is 

_^ Where  is 

..._-^._Or  is 

s?.+ There  is 

_^. — Recovery  is 

' — D  T" 

__  lime  is 


_^_ Year  is 

.— I—Why  is 

STD When  is 

How  is 

>^ Length-Nothing  is 


The  word  It  or  The  is  added  by  changing  the  small  circle  to  a  small  loop. 


^. Occupies  it-the 

^._Pays  it-the 

^ Puts  it-the 

-^..Appraise  it-the 

.^ Buys  it-the 

^-.Believes  it-the 


\ Obeys  it-the 

b-.- Takes  it-the 

A Tries  it-the 

— /C77-I.ikes  it-the 
-L- Tears  it-the 

0    I 

b.-.Does  it-the 


THE  S-CIRCLE.                                                      .51 

L   .     ...Adds  it-thc 

Y.     Sees  it-thc 

*       1 

"     Draws  it-the 

$    Says  it-the 

^            Watches  it-thc 

j?J           Shows  it-the 

o  ..Changes  it-the 

/  Issues  it-the 
"^           Hears  it-the 

Charges  it-the 

_A  Arranges  it-the 
J-  Judges  it-the 
Gives  it-the 

j£           Rouse  it-the 

-v^Z-  Knows  it-the 
Owns  it-the 

x'°        Revise  it-the 

^°     Forms  it-the 

.--Nears  it-the 

~5        ..Weighs  it-the 

L      That  is  it-the 

^^     Thinks  it-the 

His. 

—  *.        Against-Gave  his 

5^__Form-If  his 

\>  —  Hope-Pay  his 

L^  After  his 

V. 

'Be-Buy-By  his 

^    Of  his 

.\j  Before  his 

vj.-Ever  his 
i              Have-Above  his 

X^.About  his 
Between-What  his 

°    -Thought  his 

D  —  At-Take  his 

J-  But-To-Took  his 

*      L 
*>      Did  his 

7  Thank  his 
/ 

*      With  his 

«  Though  his 

t  Do  his 

1       Had  his 

, 

r  Saw-See  his 

.cL-.Sav-So  his 

6       Watch  his 

0.       .  .Was  his 

/             Change-  Which  his 

A--As  his 
X.    .  .-Shall-Show  his 

/  Charge  his 
'         __Adjoin-ed  his 

—  ^.-.Tssue-Should  his 
_-     .-While  his 

Accompanv-ied  his 

.--^?-.Wil!  his 

32                                                     THE  S-CIRCLE. 

.<ra      __   Allow  his 

-   ---From  his 

P    Are  as 

_  0-       _-Were-Where  his 

^    Or  his 

^p.-Know  as  much 

^           Recollect-There  his 

^--Are-Recover  his 
-   -           In  his 

x    _Yoti  are  as 

Has. 

—  —  0    Know  his 

._  Bevond  his 

^..You  are  his 

°    -       Whv-  Without  his 

—  -t—It  has 

j3  -  Whether  his 

rv  Would  his 

«           I 

_  -:T^_VVhen  his 

o       Which  has 

As. 

\>       -     Pay  as 

Such  has 

--  --\j—  Happy-Put  as 
„            Be-Buy-By  as 

J  —  Much  has 
/     ° 
6             Object  has 

^--About  as 
o             Change  as 

o       -\ge-Agent  has 

_/  Advantage-Judge  has 
^°    Wife  has 

/  —  Charge-Much  as 

j_  That  has 

Object  as 

ct     So  has 

\  As-Whose  has 

She  has 

_a/  -Usually  has 

--     Saw-See  as 

a  .-Where  has 
??.          Or  has 

^      Was  as 

^  .There  has 

"^           Whv  has 

<y 
Of.      Show  as 

-_--<r^  -When  has 

__^  How  has 
••«?    Vothing  has 

Or  as 

THE  S-CIRCLE.                                                   33 

Us. 
_:?  Upon  us 

_°  Without  us 

Occupy  us 

a            Say' 

\i    _  _  Pay  us 

^..Part-Put  us 
^S  By  us 

__-_>o  Before  us 

V.  About  us 
L 
r  Between  us 

_t  At  -Take  us 

Can    -ou  sa   ^ 

_L—  To-Took  us 
J—    ...Had  us 

<^°  0 
_t°__I£  you  say 

»      / 
o      Watch  us 

(ly-After  you  say 

_fi  Change  us 

1  —  Charge  us 
°.  Adjoin-ed  us 

—  „-  Accompany  us 

—  °         f- 

NOTE.  —  See  rule  for  the  Y-hook. 

-.-e-Against-Gave  us 
JSC  For-  Forget  us 

4            The 

^.After  us 
i  Have  us 

She  say 

Thought  us 

A  Thank  us 

?—  With  us 

-V--        Has  u-s 

/*"        .  ,  Y^MI  ^ay 

\ 

__   ..5  -We  say 

A  Sue  us 
• 

"N   Would  say 

^o  Allow  us 

"^--From  us 

_In  us 

<r^3  .Must  say 

34                                                   THE  S-C1RCLE. 

Is,  His,  As,  or  Has,  may  be  prefixed  to  another  word  by  the  S-circle.    This 
should  not  be  done,  however,  when  these  words  can  be  added  as  conveniently 
to  a  previous  word  by  a  circle. 
Except  in  a  few  phrases  in  which  the  signification  of  the  second  word  of 
the  phrase  is  dependent  upon  its  position,  the  circle  is  written  above  the  line 
for  Is  and  His,  and  on  the  line  for  As  and  Has. 

Is   UDOIl                                                                         Is   nhicrtcil   to 

-\-_ls  up 

£       Is  just 

^>           Is  placed 

_p  Is  largest 
_-    Is  joined 

Is  proper 

Ow 

Is  perfect 

_2  Is  larger 

.---^y.     Is  practiced 

^re^Js  accustomed 

QL 

Is  particular 

Is  equal 

X__.Is  punished 

o—  i.Is  careful 

^             Is  by 

J~**  Is  continued 

-\.-Is  before 

Is  given 

Q  Is  about 

o—          Is  against 

X»    Ts  based 

s"..  Is  greatest 

-  Is  bad 

•"        .Is  begun-again 

\/  Is  better 

?r..Is  off 

.So  Is  forgotten 

^-_.Is  after 

C            -Is  told 

.fi.  Is  fast 
(\.-Is  full 
_     _  .-  Is  free 

3     -Is  true 

i       is  different 

?,  Is  afraid 

£  Ts  due 

_  -  Is  found 

0 

J-T.-Ts  of 

3. 

_v-  Is  ever 

C       Is  deaf 

.   .-^  .Ts  above 

j              Is  done 

-     ..Is  valued 

Ts  watched 

v.    r> 
.   -.*-.   .Is  thought 

-V  Ts  worth 

..-/..-Is  charged 

f      Ts  through 

THE  S-CIRCLE. 

35 

^  Is  with 

£—  Is  that 

a       v 

\>  Is  this 

^ 

r3 

Is  beyond 

.  V       is  either 

e. 

°)  Is  so 

^  —  Is  established 
__  Is  easy 

<a— 

-Is  long 

«_^ 

___Is  she 

<u? 

jj  Is  shown 

^ 

His. 

a  —  Is  issued 

..  Is  shattered 

i 

r<-_ls  usual-ly 

0 

J?  Is  measured 

]  f 

£T-.Is  lost 

r 

«--  Is  here 

p 

_-__T)  —  Is  where 

..f.. 

-His  agent 

^/--Is  recovered 

_His  advantage 

--&- 

.His  judgment 

<S  —  Is  referred 

s^i           Is  rented 

^ 

-His  wife 

—  .  Is  mv-time 

c 

ff^  Is  made 

(Ti.--Is  meant 

0  

^  ^ 

_His  house 
-His  wish 

j 

,  4~<._Is  no 
Is  influenced 

0* 

His  recollection 

a~* 

-His  recovery 
His  time 

---^-^    Is  only 

o^ 

-His  own 
His  need 

Is  neither 

*-^ 

*a-*'-  —  Is  another 

0\ 

..._  Is  without 

*~7 

.His  knowledge 

°> 

36                                                     THE  S-CIRCLE. 

In  or  In  the  is  prefixed  by  an  initial  back-hook  to  a  word  beginning  with  the 
S-circle,  when  the  N-steni  cannot  be  used  as  conveniently. 

-,£  —  °  -     In  his  allowance                                          I™  hi*  minp 

—  -ft  —  In  his  allusion 
In  his  agreement 

In  his  might 

"^  —  In  his  argument 
."i^  In  his  approval 
o  In  his  arrest 

'*t  i  .In  his  method 

-a  —  )r  In  his  omission 

°^       In  his  opportunity 

In  his  art 

<\ 

_    «..   In  his  brain 

v     In  his  proof 

A 
.-  In  his  brief 

...A--—  In  his  character 
_?  In  his  chair 

^*\  In  his  proper  person 

_V  _In  his  remembrance 
•a  —  v          T     i  • 

In  his  charity 

0,          ' 

In  his  contract 

i_^           In  his  training 

j-     In  his  transcript 
'            In  his  wav 

t  _     -  In  his  dread 

-_  d—3   In  his  grave 

1  —  In  (the)  consideration 

-T_  In  considering 

? 
'0      In   (the)  construction 

Tn  his  grief 

--._--   -In  experience 

-  _  v~^  _In  the  same   • 

In  silence 

~^°  in  his  lease 

-  —       In  similar 

.   -_         In  the  slightest 

-g>     In  solution 

J9TTi.  In  some 

In  his  light-lot 

In  somewhat 

~°              In  his  line 

Jn..  .-In  the  supreme  court 

« 

_}S  __In  surprise 

.TV  In  expression 

THE  S-CIRCLE.                                                   37 

As. 
jt  As  part 
a.  -As  about  -be  fore 
.P             As  had 

--a.  As  usual 
^CT.As  will-well 
_4  As  little 

—  £T  —  As  well  as 
_<L-\  As  will  be 

yo__As  much  as 

0 

p            As  charged 

p_--As  large  as 
p.       __As  just  as 

-<*y<L  —  As  early  as 
<K  —  As  our 
.^e  As  are 

—  -fcrtjt>_As  accustomed 
.ftrr  As  against 

<?v  —  As  heard 

-  °~s.  As  begun 

_<a*  As  good  as 

_-__o~"^  As  mine 

0"°    As  great  as 

-"O-s  —  As  many  as 
<o»  _As  most-must 
,<&s  As  not 

jo    As  if  they 

o      As  for  that 

p  l__As  far  as 

a  —  iAs  another 
-<S_P-  As  near  as 
ft^_As  now 

o  As  forgotten 

p      As  of  this  date 

o  j  _As  ever-have 

<r>  _As  when 

^>--As  they-that-though 
j»  As  was 

-   -  /°  —  As  vours 

_  o  As  she 

j3_A^As  long  as  possible 

with  a  half-length  Z-stem,  when  stand- 

e. 

C            Is  to  have 

a_-As  shall 

Is  to.  As  to,  and  Has  to,  are  written 
ing  alone  or  at  the  beginning  of  a  phraf 

-\            Is  to  pay 

\r-_Is  to  become 
-\.  Is  to  take 
-j-_-Is  to    do 
—  '          Is  to  continue 

Is  to  make 

irtL-  Is  to  inform  you 
__As  to  it-  the 

V 

As  to  his-us 

__Is  to  go 

V 

As  to  giving-going 

452^73 


38                                                   THE  S-CIRCLE. 

.v  As  to  that 

-v-  As  to  him-when-how 

»       As  to  them 

y       _     As  to  having-living 

Has  to  be 

j  As  to  her-our-where 

_Y-       .     As  to  me-my«whom 

-y-.l  —  Has  to  come 

^..-As  to  some 

"O 

j  As  to  anything 

y             As  to  vou-r 

Has. 
o  Has  hoped-put  it 

--o  Has  shown 
-^--Has  issued 
>--       Has  usually 

a       Has  happened 

o  Has  beforc--about 

ffi.-.Has  our 
_<T1--   -  Has  made 

«.-.Has  been 
fHas  taken 

A.  .Has  much-charged 

IT?  Has  mine 

tt^  —  Has  heard 
a  —  s-  Has  another 
—  a—  ^Has  never 
-"i_2--.-Has  known 
Q_,      Has  n"t 

—  f-  —  Has  done 
-*ra  Has  begun-gone-again 
„  p  Has  forgotten 

Q.  Has  formed 
o  Has  ever 

-S—  ^  Has  now 
—  -Q_^-  -Has  no 
s&            Has  your 

CL     -_     Has  thought 

e>      Has  that 

D  Has  then 

/i.  .Has  yet 
ja  —  1^-3.  .Has  long  known 

v» 
p  —  Has  this 

_o  Has  she 

After  a  final  circle,  the  back-hook  expresses  the  word  Own.  Been.  Than, 
or  One. 

jo  Hope-Pay  his  own 

—  \  —  Before  his  own 
X.  About  his  own 

-V.  Put  his  own 

THE  S-CIRCLE. 


Between-What  his  own 

<b — At-Take  his  own 

J To-But-Took  his  own 

1 

* Did  his  own 

Jk Do  his  own 

J — Had  his  own 

/ 
J* Watch  his  own 

* — Change- Which  his  own 


.1 Charge  his  own 

_ — Adjoin-ed-his  own 

./ Judge  his  own 

___j.-Can  his  own 

Give-n  his  own 

____TT&-Gave-Against  his  own 

.h*. If  his  own 

^ — For-Forget  his  own 

-L. After  his  own 

( 
_* — Of- Live  his  own 

4_- Have-Above  his  own 

*    -Thought  his  own 


y/ Should-Issue  his  own 

9^_-  Usually  his  own 

_i Was  his  own 

^ — As-Has  his  own 

x-6     * 

L While  his  own 

oT--Will  his  own 

y^ Allow  his  own 

___Froni  his  own 

-wfc Were-Wherc  his  own 

"^T-.Ot  his  own 

^C- Recollect  his  own 

r^T-They  are  his  own 

-^£- Are-Recover  his  own 

<rar.May  his  own 

-^P Whom  his  own 

* — In  his  own 

ZirA. Know  his  own 

-Own  his  own 


A Worth  his  own 

__,.-£ — Thank  his  own 

L 

f. With  his  own 

«> — Though  his  own 

J. That  his  own 

\ 

? — Saw-See  his  own 

A Sue  his  own 

*_ — Wish  his  own 

9/ Shall-Show  his  own 


Its  own  is  expressed  by  halving  a  final  stem  and  adding  the  circle  and  back- 
hook. 


s-  —c 

*. Beyond  his  own 

£. — You  are  his  own 

.-? Without  his  own 

— J7fc_- Whether  his  own 

-T^, Would  his  own 

<T3t-When  his  own 

How  his  own 

f    9 

Think  his  own 

-*~A! Among  his  own 

_-^_Along  his  own 


-Upon  its  own 
-Pay  its  own 


Put  its  own 

_- By  its  own 


40 


THE  S-CIRCLE. 


-4- 


Before  its  own 

^_ — About  its  own 

What  its  own 

•b — At-Take  its  own 
To- Took  its  own 

. Did  its  own 

Jb. Do  its  own 

, — Had  its  own 

.4 Which-Change  its  own 

~ Charge  its  own 

Can  its  own 

Give-n  its  own 

-re Gave-Against  its  own 

_ — If  its  own 

.Se For-Forget  its  own 

..-.After  its  own 

.*? Of  its  own 

..-.Have  its  own 

*. With  its  own 

P.-Though  its  own 

.£. That  its  own 

...See-Saw  its  own 


Has  Been. 

Property  has  been 

-V- -Hope-Pay  has  been 


X Part-Party  has  been 

...A- What  has  been 
ia. It  has  been 

But  has  been 

i 
.* Difference  has  been 

» Each  has  been 

J, ...Which-Change  has  been 


Is  its  own 

^1 Was  its  own 

_. As-Has  its  own 

4 

g!._-Shall-Show  its  own 

.., Should-Issue  its  own 

While  its  own 

.£ Will  its  own 

-A,-- Allow  its  own 

_~?L From  its  own 

•±*-_Know  its  own 

-~^ Were- Where  its  own 

Or  its  own 

-<£- Recollect  its  own 

.„ — Are  its  own 

^fi In  its  own 

^._  Why- Without  its  own 

"f. Beyond  its  own 

^5_ When  its  own 

How  its  own 

J!f_ Think  its  own 

>£. Among  its  own 

.„. Along  its  own 


-L Much-Charge  has  been 

—  _-6 — Age-Agent  has  been 

.^ Advantage-Judge  has  been 

Committee  has  been 

--=*. Company  has  been 

>^._Ever  has  been 

-^. Above  has  been 

J — That  has  been 

J 
.?- She  has  been 


—  Issue  has  been 


THE  S-CIRCLE. 


X Usually  has  been 

x?-_ Whole  has  been 

Here  has  been 


_& — Where  has  been 

_~^ Hour  has  been 

^^£ 

."—"-.Or  has  been 

ii? There  has  been 

Any  has  been 


— * Why  has  been 

1^> — Way  has  been 

_r Year  has  been 

^S-When  has  been 

-_~ How  has  been 

X*    ^6 

Thing  has  been 

-•ST& Length- Nothing  has  been 


It  has  been  is  expressed  by  halving  a  final  stem  and  adding  the  circle  and 
back-hook. 


V Hope  it  has  been 

\> — Before  it  has  been 

A What  it  has  been 

j. — But  it  has  been 

d Which  it  has  been 

— How  much  it  has  been 

-* How  large  it  has  been 

i 
f, — If  it  has  been 

-Ve For  it  has  been 

.___ After  it  has  been 

V Ever  it  has  been 

& — Though  it  has  been 

_,- That  it  has  been 

N 

? — See  it  has  been 

A Say- So  it  has  been 

. — As  it  has  been 


Than. 

/__ Less  than 

— crVj-More  or  less  than 

-O-.CT. Not  less  than 

— JC^ — Worse  than 


-d- Show  it  has  been 

9* — Usually  it  has  been 

While  it  has  been 


Here  it  has  been 

-~?t Where  it  has  been 

o 

Or  it  has  been 

£. There  it  has  been 

Time  it  has  been 

..y Whom  it  has  been 

±& — Know  it  has  been 

Own  it  has  been 

Why  it  has  been 

C9> Whether  it  has  been 

<3S__When  it  has  been 

-^ How  it  has  been 

: — Think  it  has  been 


One. 

Occupies  one 

\>  — Pays  one 

X_- Puts  one 

— J? — Buys  one 


THE  SES-CIRCLE. 


V>  Obeys  one 

What  is  one 

"t              It  is  one 

i    * 

ft  Takes  one 

9\.     Shows  one 

J-  But  is  one 

1 
.    _«._.  Does  one 

I  Issues  one 
*^     Usually  is  one 

"o.  _-  -  Changes  one 

'             Leases  one 

J  Charges  one 

/*     Allows  one 

1    * 
-.  Adjoins  one 

°"           Here  is  one 

/  —  Judges  one 
Commits  one 

JX  Where  is  one 

Accompanies  onf 

JQ 

__  -''      Or  is  one 

_  Gives  one 

-  _—  <^-Gave  us  one 

^e           Forms  one 

\p  —  Faces  one 
_\^  Ever  has  one 

.—./£.  -Recovers  one 

(  -  That  is  one 

-       Influences  one 

.      f> 

s3__  This  is  one 

_£  Why  is  one 

--.Sees  one 

-Always  is  one 

_^_           So  is  one 

•^f           When  is  one 

-^J.-Sues  one 
-?__.  .  —  She  has  one 

__How  is  one 
^rf  Thinks  one 

THE  SES-CIRCLE. 

Is  his.  As  has,  and  similar  phrases,  are  prefixed  or  added  by  the  Ses-circle, 
Is  his  being  written  above  the  line,  and  As  has  on  the  line,  when  used  initially. 

Is  or  As  may  be  prefixed  to  an  initial  S-circle,  or  added  to  a  final  one,  by 
enlarging  the  circle. 

p«v\r«>r+t>  !c  v.;<!  b It  is  as-his 


Property  is  his 
Na.-Hope  his  is-has 
Before  his  is-has 


----  V.--About  as  is-has 

L       ^° 

...What  has-is  his 


1  — But  as-is  his 

.b Defendant  is  as-has  his 

— .1 Much  as  is-his 

-°  r~ 
:_Gives  us 


THE  SES-CIRCLE.                                                43 

j?_  __lf  his  is-has 

-p  As  is  taken 

Q 
_li__Is  as  truthful 

'o.-For  his  is-has 
-I™           After  his  is-has 

...  Is  as  bad  as 

Vfo__Ever  has  his 

L  —  That  is  his-has  as 
jy.  So  his  is-is  his 

f3-  —  Is  as  large  as 

Op 

Is  as  good  as 

A..  .As  his  is-has 
tx  Usually  has  his-is  as 

§3.  Is  as  familiar  as 

^—         Js  as  if 

so 
'  While  his  is-has 

P       Is  as  far  as 

_*%.--  ......  Here  is  his 

P             Is  as  fast  as 

o.__Where  is  his-his  is 

SO 

—  ^___,As  has  ever  been 

o          Were  as  his 

—Or  as  is-has 

P 
^~*    Is  as  even 

^     There  is  his-his  is 

/o 
£  ._   --Is  as  thin 

.^p-.-Are  as  is-his 
"          _.Why  has  his-is  his 

\.  Is  as  though-they 

>T            Is  as  worthy 

"5  __.  Whether  his  is-has 

P     Is  as  that 

•*•  t>  When  has-is  his 

**          -Is  as  easy  as 

How  has  his-is  his 
.       Think  his  is-has 

Q 
_Is  as  she 

...^".-Nothing  is  his 

J2  As  is  about 

a  —  As  is  best 
\> 
a  As  has  been 

A  small  circle  may  be  written  with 
or  H<w. 

^o     -For  as  his  is-has 

-_Is  as  we  like 

_£?  Is  as  you  say 

Qa     T 

^^  _Ts  as  long  as 

in  a  final  large  circle,  to  add  fo,  His, 
°^     She  says  his 

as  Usually  his  is  as 

J.-  ,Or  as  his  is-has 

fe 
^  4  This  is  as 

v^6>__.  Knows  his  is-has 

44 


THE  SES-CIRCLE. 


-€. Yes  his  is-has 

_ — We  say  his  is-has 

_<7 Whether  his  is  as 

When  a  circle  word-sign  is  followed 
circle,  a  large  circle  is  used  to  represent 

fd Upon  his  examination 

— oc^r. Spends  his  money 

-y? By  his  suggestion 

—  >~ — Is  said 

Is  secure 

-Is  seen 

J^ Is  spoken 

— f^ — It  is  such 

4^. It  is  safest 

— .b — It  is  sufficient 

J^- It  is  as  far  as  that 

___Jv__It  is  serious 

h__^ It  is  seldom 

_Jo. It  is  suggested 

J3~S> It  is  sometimes 


'T5i When  his  is  as 

Thinks  his  is  as 

^p As  long  as-his  is 

by  an  outline  beginning  with  a  small 
both. 

-P At  his  station 

d^__Does  his  best 

5^£_  —  Close  his  business 

o 
/« — His  consideration 

-^2 Physician  and  surgeon 

— >ft£-For  his  success 

-V This  is  said 

—  f^  —  She  has  spoken 

--J Lease  his  house 

— J^iXi-In  his  certificate 

_£l In  his  circumstances 

Influence  his  action 

-<3~^ It  is  simple 

_-_^ — Thinks  as  much 


A  small  circle  may  be  written  within  a  final  large  circle,  to  add  7/w  or  £7^. 


^S> Opposes  his-us 

^ffi-.Places  his-us 

m^ei— Impresses  his-us 
— T_^e>.. Exposes  his-us 
3e> Supposes  his-us 

0» 

-®—  Surprises  his-us 

5o Blesses  his-us 

^.-Entices  his-us 

-f~Q Dismisses  his-us 

— _7b  Induces  his-us 


^JQ Reduces  his-us 

1 — Chooses  his-us 

^Q. Rejoices  his-us 

__Ci-  Excuses  his-us 

>taC?_ Engrosses  his-us 

— XL — Faces  his-us 

-Aj- Refuses  his-us 

/©     .  ,. 
: Leases  his-us 

1^ Arouses  his-us 

—  Misses  his-us 


THE  SES-CIRCLE.                                                45 

Has  Been. 

^ 

2       What  his  has  been 

\C       Forgets  his  own 

—  U.  —  Much  as  has  been 

1         'U 

„£.  If  his  has  been 

*g       Ever  is  his  own 

e  Thanks  his  own 

j£L  For  his  has  been 

jfo  Though  his  has  been 

^             Sees  his  own 

*•*      Says  his  own 

si.  So  his  has  been 

_<?  So  is  his  own 

<s*   _Was  as  his  own 

or 
<y      Show  his  has  been 

SL  Wishes  his  own 

"          -Here  his  has  been 

____QL  Shows  his  own 

"51  Where  his  has  been 

^j  Issues  his  own 

~Q 

Or  as  has  been 

—  „/  —  Should  say  his  own 
„  Lease  his  own 

iC.   .There  his  has  been 

1^-  Whether  his  has  been 

_  —  ^-.Allows  his  own 
jal  As  well  as  his  own 

_  -Think  his  has  been 

His  Own. 

What  is  his  own 

ft  Hears  his  own 

^  Here  is  his  own 

o1     Where  is  his  own 

to      It  is  his  own 

Or  is  his  own 

'Q   _        Takes  his  own 

£Z    There  is  his  own 

^?  Recollects  his  own 

i      c 

Watches  his  own 

;,£•-.  Recovers  his  own 
—  Time  is  his  own 

Any  is  his  own 

_„.  Influence  his  own 

7  Charges  his  own 
_/  Judges  his  own 

___.v£._Knows  his  own 
^           Year  is  his  own 

__.:_!Y--Why  is  his  own 

.  Alwavs  his  own 

46                                                THE  SES-CIRCLE. 

-.^.-How  is  his  own 

The  word  Business  may  be  expresse* 
to  those  given  below. 

Vj  About  business 
___L_  Above  business 

I  by  the  large  circle,  in  phrases  similar 

-r0 

L--  Liquor  business 

^.-Mercantile  business 

4-  After  business  hours 
_  __v.__  Before  business 

>^_No  business 

^"^         Big  business 

_„  Of  business 

Oil  business 

L&.  —  Clothing  business 
-Commercial  business 

Q  Open  business 

r>_.Our  business 

-        Did  business 

Own  business 

b.  —  Do  business 

,  Ay  —  Paper  business 

\        *> 
_i—  o  Peculiar  business 

!3CT  Retail  business 

-fCj--i.--Small  business 

Jl_-Feed  business 

From  business 

C.  —  That  business 

f  Further  business 
___e-3£__  Grocery  business 
i              Had  business 

Qj.-Usual  business 
What  business 

0    ~" 

l___Have  business 

^  —  What  has  been  your  business 
£  What  is  your  business 

__-_7i--_Her  business 

\  Whose  business 

With  business 

_/  Large  business 

Session  is  expressed  by  the  large  cir< 
About  the  session 

_s.  Your  business 

•le  and  back-hook. 
-Allow  the  session- 

After  the  session 

.>-£  Annual  session 

LOOPS.                                                             47 

As  the  session 

New  session 

—  3e  Before  the  session 
Between  the  sessions 

^2 

Of  the  session 

j2 

Beyond  the  session 

&      Shall  the  session 

But  the  session 

Short  session 

-b    y. 

—  __  —  By  the  session 

<*~*^    Small  session 

_  ,  .-  Can  the  session 

d>             So  the  session 

Si.  —  Change  the  session 

Did  the  session 

—  Different  session 

J2      There  the  session 

~P-  Each  session 

**           Think  the  session 

__ji  Evening  session 

___^s_  Though  the  session 
k             Thought  the  session 

^C.  Ever  the  session 

>p     Every  session 

JTo  the  session 

S&.  For  the  session 

-b 
J>           _Was  the  session 

____^_  From  the  session 

•o       What  session 

Had  the  session 

^           ^What  the  session 

~-b  — 

.Have  the  session 
v>     __ 
Has  the  session 

s$      When  the  session 

j^-            Where  the  session 

How  the  session 

"/fT 

v           Tf  the  session 

^  Which  session 
&           While  the  session 

~~^     In  session 

^>      Will  the  session 

/             Large  session 

With  the  session 

«•"---•" 
™      Light  session 

&      Wish  the  session 

^        ^Long  session 

Would  the  session 

_r3L__May  the  session 
-—  */"       Morning  session 

-S 

NOTE  —  See  rule  for  halving. 

>PS. 

Has  the,  is  added  by  the  small  loop. 
i           Which  is  it-the 

LOC 

Is  it,  Is  the,  As  it,  As  the,  Has  it,  or 
"•            What  is  it-the 

(L___  It  is  it-the 

,       How  much  is  it-the 

j         .  But  is  it-the 

/        That  is  it-the 

0 

48                                                              LOOPS. 

1            As  is  the 

Why  is  it-the 

-  --}    -Whose  is  it-the 

~1)      Whether  is  it-the 

_<?_  Usually  is  the 

•^**          When  is  it-the 

~fr     Where  is  it-the 

.  ^.^  How  is  it-the 

"^          Or  is  it-the 

It  or  The  is  added  to  a  word  ending  with  a  small  circle,  by  changing  the 
circle  to  a  small  loop. 

_5  Occupies   it-the                                                                 Fnrme   it 

_sj  Pays  it 

.a  —  Face  it 
/             That  is  it 

X  Puts  it 

^L.Buys  it 

) 
_       Sees  it 

.^  Obeys  it 

L_-Takes  it 

Jl  Does  it 

l___Adds  it 

t^~ 

0            TT                     'i 

A  Watches  it 

_y2__Rouse  it 

_y  Charges  it 

/—Judges  it 
Gives  it 

Thinks  it 

By  changing  a  final  S-circle  to  a  loop,  and  adding  the  back-hook.  The  one 
is  added. 

-_-_^3-__Pays  the  one 

Buys  the  one 

-___v$!  _  Obeys  the  one 

-             What  is  the  one 

»       It  is  the  one 

A  Takes  the  one 

1  —  But  is  the  one 

Forms  the  one 

_W  Face  the  one 

LOOPS                                                              49 

Convicts  the  one 

si__Conveys  the  one 

0     Where  is  the  one 

I                 V'PW«  "IP  r>p<> 

& 

—  ^L  —  Thanks  the  one 
.X  That  is  the  one 
Sees  the  one 

-___-ii__  There  is-Recollects  the  one 

/£          Recovers  the  one 

.<t  Says  the  one 

j^r^L  Knows  the  one 

_  --X     Sues  the  one 

.^i            As  is  the  one 

Why  is  the  one 

She  is  the  one 

o     Whether  is  the  one 

jzf           Shows  the  one 

_^._How  is  the  one 
*^  f> 

,ja  Allows  the  one 

One  is  added  by  the  back-hook,  after  a  loop. 
_^  Cheapest  one                                  v           Last  one 

-  \)     Best  one 

•       Taste  one 

»           -Trust  one 

f  —  Stoutest  one 
_     _       .  Dearest  one 

i         Lowest  one 

f  &      Laziest  one 

j^-.-Fast  one 
L-  Lost  one 

*  Easiest  one 

.Longest  one 

J  —  Largest  one 
A  final  circle  may  be  added  to  a  loop, 
_  Possibly  it  is-has 

fiL  Worst  one 
for  Is  or  Has. 
1             That  as  it  is 

\       Hopes  it  is 

*      / 
t       This  it  is 

I              But  as  -it  is 

s             Thus  it  is 

d 
*       Choice  it  is 

*       Sees  it  is 

f            Says  it  is 

Of  course  it  is 

-p?,  Allows  it  is 

LOOPS. 


r? Wise  it  is 

— s$> — Whence  it  is 
2tf_ .Thinks  it  is 


_? Hears  it  is 

__..-srf>__ Knows  it  is 

Owns  it  is 

_-JZC__  Yes,  it  is 


In  the  middle  ot  a.  phrase,  To  may  be  expressed  by  changing  a  small  circle 
to  a  loop. 


L 

^\ What  is  to  be 

—  v^- — It  is  to  go 
-IT^ it  is  to  our 

—  *T — It  is  to  his  interest 

-lr But  is  to  become 

0\__/ 

£T!T_Each  is  to  know 

£L?. Which  is  to  begin 


State  is  prefixed  to  another  word,  and  State,  Stated,  or  Stating,  is  added, 
by  the  small  loop. 


_6\_ Change  is  to  be 

,_/ Much  is  to  be  done 

i 
_AL_-_--Such  is  to  have 

All-Object  is  to  know 

_/ Advantage  is  to  be 


That  is  to  inform  yoti 


I State  what 

— State  each 

_'! State  which 

£— State  that 

-C State  them 

!_1 — State  where 

-f- State  your 

— !^-_-  State  why 

-J State  whether 

— ^d — State  when 

-_t State  of  New  York 

State-d,  Stating. 
-Upon  stating 

_ — By  stating 

_5. Before  you  state-d 

— ^> — Before  stating 
X, About  stating 


-What  you  state-d 


___JL Did  you  state 

_L Had  state-d 

K      / 
f._ -Each  state-d 


-/ Which  state-d 

.-^-Can  you  state 

n     <^ 
.^ If  you  state-d 

?=__For  you  state-d 

_(K After  you  state-d 

^s- -Have  you  stated 

_§ —With  stating 


fc — They  state-d 

-6 They  have  stated 

5 — Though  stating' 

-£ That  state-d 

-^..-As  stated 

.She  stated 


* 


LOOPS.                                                              s  ' 

_<2_  Shall  state 

J_  Should  state 

g}-  Should  have  stated 
...JZ.  Usuallv  state-d 

/£.          You  have  stated 

_"  We  state-d 

x» 

While  stating 

-.-.L--  Will  state 

"^_-  Would  state 

& 
Or  state-d 

.----^"--Are  stated-stating 

^^  May  state 
----rC^--May  have  stated 

NOTE  —  See  rules  for  tht  F-  and  Y-hooks. 
/             That  first 

First  is  added  by  the  small  loop, 
i  At  first 

/      Which  first 

She  first 

1>        Where-Were  first 

-if           You  fir«t 

^     If  first 

~*b     We  first 

i     -         After  first 

^cs:.  When  first 
Hnw  first 

6      They  first 

//  first  or  The  first  is  expressed  by  halving  a  stem  and  adding  the  small  loop. 

^*      Pav  it-the  first 

V             By  the  first 

Give  the  first 

_--V>-  .   Before  the  first 

-&--  Gave-  Against  the  first 
10           If  the  first 

About  the  first 

^        L 

Between  the  first 

-.^     For  the  first 

A            At-Take  the  first 

After  the  first 

Of  the  first 

i      b 
0         Did  the  first 

Have  the  first 

b  --Do  the  first 

^...With  the  first 

Had  the  first 

_o  Though  the  first 

IT 
During  the  first 

That  the  first 

o 
^             Which  the  first 

\     ? 
_.  _Saw-See  the  first 

6      Change  it-the  first 

o         Sav-So  the  first 

52 


LOOPS. 


d Was  the  first 

As-Has  the  first 

«i Shall-Show  the  first 

_., — Should  the  first 

C. While  the  first 

<r...Will  the  first 

Allow  the  first 

?_.  .From-Hear  the  first 

J>- Where  Were  the  first 

..-.-f— -There-They  are  the  first 
-Are-Recover  the  first 
.In  the  first 


/- 


~S 


>£>„ Know  the  first 

Own  the  first 

f_ Beyond  the  first 

!?___  Without  the  first 

>._.    -.Whether  the  first 
You  are  the  first 
When  the  first 
How  the  first 

^o 

Think  the  first 

>?___  Among  the  first 
Along  the  first 


b 


The  word  Street  may  be  added  by  the  small  loop  to  the  name  oi  a  street. 

^f__, Aurora  street 

.Beecher  street 

» Carroll  street 

_.-<sr*€_  Crescent  street 

...Danforth  street  f^-- Lake  street 


1 


Elizabeth  street 
Exchange  street 
Finney  street 
_C^j-_Genesee  street 


Their  or  There  is  expressed  by  the  large  loop  written  in  the  place  of  the 
S-circle.  To  this  loop,  the  word  Own  may  be  added  by  the  back-hook,  or  the 
S-circle  may  be  used  for  Is  or  Has. 


Their,  There. 

^ About  as  there  is 

0_.-Wha1  is  their-there 

.b. It  is  their-there 

L — But  as  they  are 

A Which  is  their-there 

jL — Much  as  there  has  been 

Because  there  is 

__:5^?-Of  course  there  is 

_I£L For  as  there  is 

/ That  is  their-there 


d. So  is  there 

._A Was  as  their-there 


j 


As  is  their-there 
She  has  their  own 

_P Here  is  their 

U — Where  is  their-there 

... Or  is  their-there 

Any  is  there 

Why  is  their-there 

— i-a.-When  has  their-there 
-s^?- Nothing  is  there 


LOOPS.                                                             53 

Their  own. 
„  Occupies  their  own 

_vi  Where  is  their  own 

—  -S.  —  Hopes-Pays  their  own 

Puts  their  own 

V 

--.-Buys-Buy  us  their  own 

__     0     Recovers  their  own 

What  is  their  own 

s£3 

v  —  It  is-Takes  their  own 

A,  But  is  their  own 

i 

.  D  —  Does  their  own 

Tj   ^    Wh 

-.  /fc>  —  When  is  their  own 
.£_  How  is  their  own 

u.  —  Which  is  their  own 
.^  Charges-Charge  is  their  own 

0.  Adjoins  their  own 

There  is. 

._-  -Possibly  there  is 

-A  Advantage  is  their  own 
—  ,*  —  How  large  is  their  own 

-430 

Gives-Give  us  their  own 

rft-_Gave  us  their  own 

iO  Face  their  own 

^  —  That  as  there  is 
t>            Thus  there  is 

JO  Conveys  their  own 

~--<k  Thanks  their  own 

Sees  their  own 

-Q.  Says  their  own 
----Y_-_As  is  their  own 

t&          Allows  there  is 

f?  Shows  their  own 

"~f>         Knows  there  is 

|<2> 

/T_  Lease  their  own 

&           Yes    there  is 

^2--Allows  their  own 
^    Hears  their  own 

^«s    Whence  there  is 

^          Thinks  there  is 

^  Faster  than 
9     -Juster  than 

-  __Moister  than 

L-2  —  Vaster  than 

S4                                                           LOOPS. 

A  few  convenient  phrases  may  be  formed  by  using  the  large  loop  word- 
signs  for  Is  there  or  Has  there,  as  shown  below  : 

<-^             Is  thereupon                                                             Has  tVierpforp 

Is  thereafter 

~C^          Is  thereby 

£js»    Is  therefore 

Z^te          Is  there  ever 

^—  Is  there  never 

cr- 

y      Is  there  usually 

-~^-  —  Has  there  never 

Is  there  not 

Is  there  any 

Is  there  another 

0 

^~^^    Is  there  anything 

-/P^~^'  Has  there  anything 

*^C!I__Is  there  nothing 

—  -  —  ^-Has  there  nothing 
r  the  large  loop. 
CTCL-  —  Grocery  store 
^^Z.Hat  store 
0            Her  store 

The  word  Store  may  be  expressed  bj 
"     -Adjoining  store 

7)—~  Against  the  store 

_____Any  store 

...J?7-  In  the  store 

^-'  Big  store 

JK_L  Jewelry  store 
--a  Know  the  store 

Vo  _Book  store 

^2         China  store 

^\c?  Clothing  store 

Corner  store 

Oil  store 

-.—Different  store 

—  -^7)  --Our  store 

-7?  Dry  goods  store 
«?__Drug  store 

^W-  Paper  store 
~V°         Retail  store 

~L  --Each  store 

<5^v^  Small  store 

—Tv  Feed  store 

Tea  store 

£7 

JSA.  Furniture  store 

_/  That  store 

HALVING.                                                       55 

!A>  Upper  store 

&            Which  store 

5  What  store 

/C  —  Your  store 

'ING. 
last  or  only  consonant  stem  of  a  word. 

SL  Said  it-the 

HAL\ 

It  or  The  is  expressed  by  halving  the 
_  Upon-Occupy  it-the 

i>      Hope-  Pay  it-the 

f      Study  it-the 

Put  it-the 

n 

_\.  Draw  it-the 

« 
Speak  it-the 

1      Doctor  it-the 

» 
_1  Stop  it-the 

During  it-the 

Apply  it-the 

f___Deliver  it-the 

Practice  it-the 

/            Watch  it-the 

.     i  Open  it-the 

/  Change-Which  it-the 

._  Buy-By  it-the 

I  Charge  it-the 

^      Before  it-the 

/        /o 

Switch  it-the 

About  it-the 

Challenge  it-the 

^     Believe  it-the 

"     1 
•_  .Cheer  it-the 

i\ 

Adjoin  it-the 

"\     Remember  it-the 

Commit  it-the 

Number  it-the 

Can  it-the 

A     | 

Ought-  What  it-the 

!l_.  Call-Kill  it-the 

1             At-Take  it-the 

_£^  Qaim  it-the 

But-To-Took  it-the 

Decree  it-the 

p     ' 
r             Sight-Sought  »t-the 

Describe  it-the 

P  State  it-the 

j?TL~Prescribe  it-the 

T             Tell  it-the 

Secure  it-the 

f       Settle  it-the 

o-  <J_ 
Inscribe  it-the 

Try  it-the 

._  .Unscrew  it-the 

T      Instruct  it-the 

a— 
____"7_  Continue  it-the 

'              Did  it-the 

r?__     Connect  it-the 

1       Do  it-the 

71—  Give  it-the 

,  Had-Add  it-the 
'       P 

—           Gave-Against  it-the 

c-_.Grow  it-thc 

5* 

HALVING. 

^ 

If-Form  it-the 

<f.  Stole  it-the 

IS- 

After it-the 

C'™" 

Fill  it-the 

^*       Were-  Where  it-the 

e 

-Offer  it-the 

c 

Of  it-the 

°1      Store  it-the 

Have-Above  it-the 

'I.          Or  it-the 

x  

-Valile  it-the 

:^1_.  There-Recollect  it-the 

<L  c- 

Over  it-the 

c 

c 

Worth  it-the 

-  ,          Rule  it-the 

c    « 

With  it-the 

Whom  it-the 

( 

That  it-the 

.  Remark  it-the 

1    > 

'     In  it-the 

> 

Say-So  it-the 

> 

Is  it-the 

) 

Was  it-the 

...  .Seen  it-the 

Has  it-the 

^-.Only  it-the 

»    ' 

Nor-Near  it-tht 

2 

Aleasure  it-the 

Beyond  it-the 

j 

Wish  it-the 

„  Wrhy-Without  it-the 

j 

Shall-Show  it-the 

-..-^..  .  Whether-  Weigh  it-the 

Should  it-the 

__.  Would  it-the 

-j  

While  il-the 

°>      Work  it-the 

c 

Will-Lav  it-the 

•"  *..       When  it-the 

Allow  it-lhe 

How  it-the 

f    r 

£ 

Sell  it-the 

<r 

Steal  it-the 

.-    Sinp   it-the 

HALVING.                                                          57 

To  may  be  expressed  in  the  middle 
stem. 

v^-.  Hope  to  go 
•^x-.Pay  to  him 
.y.  About  to  leave 
.-.5f>—  ^Able  to  state 
*v            Ought  to  be 

of  a  phrase,  by  halving  the  preceding 
J—~.  Show  to  me 

Sure  to  be 

IW-X-  -Where  to  go 
-_-J\-.-Were  to  be 
Or  to  send 

C<-     Give  to  them 

—  Are  to  believe 

—  —  \.  ..Gave  to  me 

-\ 

^\^  They  are  to  be 

ir^_  .  Say  to  him 
^            Is  to  be 

Am  to  make 

...JU«t-Was  to  go 
Has  to  be 

\    As  to  the 

-  —  How  to  make 

Halving  any  pronoun  or  adverb,  adds  the  word  Did. 
1              What  did                                        >             So  A\A 

1       It  did 

_^_.She  did 

But  did 

"\  Where  did 

/      Each  did 

^—  Or  did 

/             Which  did 

."!  We-Why  did 

You  did 

.?  He  did 

(       They  did 

A-.When  did 

That  did 

How  did 

Not  is  added  by  the  N-hook  to  any  stem  halved  to  express  Did 
J              What  did  not                                That  did  not 

J...lt  did  not 

«       <J 
---.She  did  not 

J?  We  did  not 

J 

.  .--,    .You  did  not 

...He  did  not 

LENGTHENING. 


The  word  Had  may  be  added  to  any  stem  word-sign  representing  a  pro- 
noun or  an  adverb,  by  halving  such  stem — provided  the  immediate  context  is 
such  as  to  show  clearly  that  Had  and  not  Did  is  to  be  implied. 

The  words  Have^Has,Hadtmay  also  be  halved  to  express  an  added  Had. 

Not  is  added  by  the  N-hook,  to  any  stem  halved  to  add  Had* 


\ What  had  been 

o 

L — It  had  become 

_ But  had  gone 

Had  had  time 

U- — , 
^- 1  have  had  it 

Each  had  come 

_^_ Which  had  been 

\o~ Ever  had  said 

^TtS. Never  had  done 

—  ^____Have  had  many 

_<j They  had  done 

.—That  had  it 

)» So  had  you' 


.. 
_>__ 


As  had  been 

Was  had 


-r Has  had 

£_.She  had  not 

Z>i Where  had  you 

^  _Or  had  been 

-rf^=\_ — There  had  never 

->> We  had  heard 

__-.„-- You  had 

_1 We  had  not 

^sr__W'hen  had  he 

__-^ How  had  she 


Halving  any  preposition  which  is  written  with  a  curved  stem,  adds  the 
word  What. 

-^\_ For  what  purpose 

-After  what  happened 


,._ 

Of  what  they  did 

/£. — With  what  advantage 


_iT±r' — From  what  money 
— I!^IlT_In  what  manner 

_\_ Beyond  what  place 

I)_-Without  what  was 


LENGTHENING. 

Any  curved  stem  may  be  lengthened  to  add  Their,  There,  or  They  are. 


\-  -----  If-Form  their-there 

----  iu  —  For-Forget  their-there-they  are 

-\-  ------  After  their-there-they  are 

----  J^--For  all  their 

-TA.-  —  In  reference  to  their 


\«-  ----  Of  their-there 
----  L  —  For  ever  there 


.L  ------  Ever  their-there-they  are 

----  ^-.Have-Above  their-there 


__  Never  there 
/  -------  Thought  their-there 

____  L...  Worth  their-there 

\.  ______  With  their-there 

___  .£___With  all  their 


LENGTHENING. 


59 


/ 

1 — 

/I 

_— f— 
_J 

J 

A., 

0 

J\ 

____,/_ 

..J. 


~ 


. 
_ 


Though  their-there-they  are 

That  their-there-they  are 

That  were  there 

That  all  their 

Saw-See  their-there, 

Say-So  their-there-they  are 

Was  their-there 

Was  all  their-there 

As-Has  their-there 

Wish  their-there 

Shall-Show  their-there-they  are 

Should-Issue  their-there 

While  their-there 

While  all  their-there 

Will-Lay  their-there 

Allow  there-their 

From-Hear  their-there 
-From  all  their 
-Where  Were  their-there 


-=cT7i--_-May  their-there 
-.--j^-. Am- Whom  their-there 
^I^L — Any-In  their-there 

In  all  their 

^=^K..__Know  their-there-they  are 

Own  their-there-they  are 

-£~ Beyond  their-there 

_X_Why-Without  their-there 

-_^ Why  will  their-there 

~^\ — Whether-Weigh  their-there 

."^ Would-Away  their-there 

— ,«=•»_  When  their-there-they  are 

crr> When  were  their-there 

— _^__How  their-there-they  are 
..,_«- — How  were  their-there 

Think  their-there-they  are 

5»? Among  their 

5rr=r-Among  all  their 

Along  their-there 


A  curved  stem  may  be  lengthened  to  add  the  word  Other,  in  a  few  phrases. 

-\- Several  other 

— a^nn^-,Some  other 
/ 
My  other 


X-- Every  other 

-_^\_Her  other 


- The  other 

other 


other 


Has  been  is  added  by  the  circle  and  back-hook,  to  a  lengthened  curved  stem. 


\__  -----  If  there  has  been 

____  L  ___  For  there  has  been 

^_  ------  After  there  has  been 

--.-L-.-Ever  there  has  been 
./[  ______  Though  there  has  been 

___  J  ____  That  there  has  been 


_1 See  there  has  been 

Q 

\ Say-So  there  has  been 

_\ As  there  has  been 

)_ Show  there  has  been 

_V_ ..Usually  there  has  been 

_.S__ While  there  has  been 


60                                                  LENGTHENING. 

JIV____Why  there  has  been 
...^V—  Whether  there  has  been 
_/l  Yet  there  has  been 
j-  —  a_.When  there  has  been 

./J      Well,  there  has  been 

....^"..Allow  there  has  been 
"^        .Where  there  has  been 

i^«feKnow  there  has  been 
>  —  o-        Another  has  been 

_^,  How  there  has  been 
>V~J^     Think  there  has  been 

Neither  has  been 

Therefore  may  be  expressed  by  leng 
F-stem. 

L.  If  therefore 
!„  —  For  therefore 
^_  Have  therefore 
1  —  Thought  therefore 
/  They  therefore 
-„_/—  That  therefore 
_l__Jir--See  therefore 
J  —  So  therefore 
A  Was  therefore 

Thereupon  may  be  expressed  by  a 
Thereby,  by  a  B-stem  ;  and  Thereafter 

X_  If  thereupon 
V_-.If  thereby 
L.  If  thereafter 
1    For  thereupon 
A        ...For  thereby 

thening  a  curved  stem  and  adding  the 

.-J-  She  therefore 
_y__Shall  therefore 
_-J-Vi  —  Should  therefore 
!*.   t"  Will  therefore 

^-  —  •>  May  therefore 

-.-•^r^-Know  therefore 
^^r»s.  —  When  therefore 
—  _%!TrrX.Think  therefore 
.>»_«ris---  Nothing  therefore 

?-stem  attached  to  a  lengthened  curve; 
by  a  half-length  F-stem. 

_j  Wss  thereupon 

_i    \    Was  thereby 

_j--__-_Was  thereafter 

^-Z-.She  thereupon 
--/.  She  thereby 
—  --/--She  thereafter 
—  -J.  Shall  thereupon 
$     J    Shall  thereby 

__7^L.  For  thereafter 
\=-  Of  thereupon 
^--Of  thereby 
X--  Of  thereafter 
^    .         Have  thereupon 

_-J._i.r  Shall  thereafter 

.  -j       Will  thereupon 

____^  Have  thereby 
_L_  \Have  thereafter 

^^     Will  therebv 

_„/__  Will  thereafter 

THE  L-HOOK.                                                   61 

>»-<v—  -Know  thereby 
—  '^ff^Knovi  thereafter 

A  straight  stem  having  a  final  hook 
There. 

\  Pin  their-there 
—  A-.-Pain  their-there 
V.  Perform  their-there 

i  Think  thereupon 

^Think  therebv 

may  be  lengthened  to  add  Their  or 

/  Each  one  there 
/  Chain  their-there 
1             -Down  their-there 

\ 

-X.-  -Combine  their-there 

_yl  Join  their-there 

V       Been  their-there 

X  —  Bank  their-there 
1          » 
L  Whatever  their-there 

3  Connect  their-there 

Cannot  their-there 

1  —  Contain  their-there 
1 

Can  have  thcir-there 

1__  -Difficulty  there 
1  Advise  their 
1  —  Done  their-there 

THE  L- 

The  L-hook  is  used  to  add  the  word 

S  Upon  all  this 
Ac?  .By  all  means 
5k  Before  all 
__.S^.—  About  all  that 
/—-  Between  all  these 
tzt  At  all  times 
_p             To  all  men 

=        Begun  their-there 

HOOK. 

5  All,  Will,  and  Well. 

S^.-  Have  all  been 
.---£—-  Above  all  that 
£___i._With  all  that  is 

T/     --As  all  are 

...2...  Shall  all  be 
_D_  --Should  all  things 

---Srr._  -Against  all  this 

C 

--P  Were  all  delivered 

r  After  all  that 
<  S^-Of  all  things         c 

Without  all 

.-  -^^  -  Whether  all  were  there 

62 


THE  R-HOOK. 


-Qy  _____  Would  all 
____  /__.  Beyond  all 

WilL 
p 
Jl  ______  What  will  you 

____  L—It  will  be 

Jl  ------  But  will  you 

/* 
__rr>r^_Each  will  make 


-J-.Q — 

_S^-- 
' 


./.  _____  Which  will  be 
----  f  —  Much  will 
./?.  _____  Such  will 
—  _v^_Ever  will  be 
.C  ------  They  will 


The  stem  word-sign  for  Will  should  be  used,  after  a  stem  which  may  be 
halved  to  add  It. 


-P. That  will  do 

^       As  will  be  seen 

will  be 
Here  will 

_3> Where  will  you 

Or  will 

^-- There  will 

^._We  will  be 

— Why  will  he 

(2— You  will 

Sss1- Nothing  will 


Hope  it  will 


™_What  it  will 

.^-. But  it  will 

-Which  it  will 
-If  it  will 
— i»/___For  it  will 

.^ After  it  will 

,./£•_  That  it  will 

.\C. Say-So  it  will 

.— ,™.As  it  will 


..„ Hear  it  will 

—  VT- Where  it  will 

_W_ Know  it  will 

__..™_Why  it  will 
-"V^"— _  Whether  it  will 

i^T.When  it  will 

-j^~- — How  it  will 
. ,-T—  Think  it  will 


— O — As  well  as  not 


THE  R-HOOK. 

The  R-hook  adds  the  word  Or,  Were,  or  Her,  to  another  word. 
-V. — —Before  or  after 

L._At  or  about 

1 

i-'-, — At  or  near 

Q_-_Have  or  have  not 

iC^_ — When  or  where 


A^: Book  or  two 

f\ 
Dollar  or  two 

J Day  or  two 

j_--Hour  or  two 

Jf._    ...Month  or  two 


THE  R-HOOK.                                                   63 

Week  or  two 

V  —  a.  At  her  mother's 

s> 

Year  or  two 

\c^  Take  her  time 
T2_To  her  room 
Did  her 

Were. 
J  What  were 

I  —  It  were 

1        Do  her 

3  But  were 

\             Had  her 

r    y 
i  —  Each  were 

v  (,     Give  her  this 

^L  Which  were 

s—  T          Gave  her  that 

^2  —  Much  were 

g—  >.p  Against  her  interests 

/_  Such  were 

^l        If  her  health 

.-_>*  —  Ever,  were 

^L       For  her  father 

V              They  were 

5^i^iJ!T.  Forget  her  name 
^.^^  After  her  marriage 
-t^  Of  her  business 
—  ^-X^-Have  her  reply 

S^/f  Above  her  reach 
/i 

_  -•'  She  were 

J       Usually  were 

57,.  Of  were 

.(L  Thank  her 
—-\-j-.With  her  family 

o* 

Cv 

__1  Why  were 

---jTX.When  were 

J2       That  her  brother 

How  were 

<\       A 

^?_-You  were 
Her. 

\>           Upon  her  journey 

—  £_£<r^-Was  her  answer 
-).  As-Has  her 
—  .  ^—Wish  her 

~"  \     Occupy  her 

,m2  Shall-Show  her 

\^>         Pay  her  rent 

.2.  ..Should  her 
-C.  While  her 

i\          Put  her  money 

Vv--  —  - 
By  her  account 

...JC...W\\[  her 
,sz  Allow  her 
_JL  From  her  house 
.*!>  Were-Where  her 

..X^xo  -Before  her  return 

A             About  her  brother 

\  T 
>-~3>  What  her  means 

64 


THE  N-HOOK.. 


_i=rt Without  her  knowledge 

?L_Why  her 

^ Whether  her 

S* 

j- Beyond  her 

When  the  word  In  occurs  before  an  outline  beginning  with  Ray,  the  R-hook 
is  often  used  instead  of  the  stem. 


.(2 You  are  her 

<r^.  _  When  her 

Think  her 

S— ^_ Among  her 


rrT_) In  rapidity 

---IVX-In  rebellion 

-I~l In  receipt  of 

^5_ In  recognition 

-Tin In  reference  to 

— 7T>T2ln  refinement 
^T^j=rr__In  refunding 

In  regard  to 

-Iv In  registering 


-^. 


.In  rejecting 

i 

.In  reorganizing 

.In  reply  (to) 


In  resigning 

-7A, In  respect  of 

.TN.-In  respect  (to) 

-T_b In  response 


review 
In  Rochester 


THE    N-HOOK. 


-Upon  an  occasion 

^.-.Occupy  an  office 

_^ Be  an  artist 

—  .ty£_By  an  exchange 
-^ Before  an  hour 

.  —  A— _What-Between  an 

J At-Take  an 

J--.But-To-Took  an 

^. Did  an  errand 

—  J- — Had  an  interview 
_</- Change- Which  an 

J — Charge  an  individual 

</   "^^ 

s Adjoin-ed  an 


The  N-hook  is  written  to  the  last  or  only  stem  of  a  word-form,  to  add  the 
word  An,  And.  Not,  One,  Own,  or  Than. 

IT?V  —  Commit  an  error 
— — -.-Can  an  act 

Give  an  undertaking 

—  -"=^?--Gave- Against  an 
If  an  enemy 

—  -^ — For-Forget  an 
A^^H — After  an  instant 
— -V^--Half  an  hour 
-~^i»' — Of  an  understanding 
^ — Have-Above  an 

-^- Thought  an  introduction 

v-=-?-  Worth  an  opinion 

~(i That  an  assignment 


THE  N-HOOK.                                                   65 

~  Saw-See  an 

__y  Hear  and  observe 
3\  Hour  and  a  half 
C-^Tl  Me  and  my 

\       As-Has  an 

_y  From  an  office 

___"]^=ft-Where  an  exhibition 

st           » 

\_.  Year  and  a  half 
_/-.  You  and  yours 
o    '^\  Him  and  her 

___^--_  Recollect  an 

yga  Recover  an  account 
-   "  —  ^  In  an  hour 

^s,  When  and  where 
fYou  and  they 
Not. 

t^3  Beyond  an  installment 

---.jC-  -You  are  an 

_^  Why-  Without  an 

---  JUy-.Whether  an  individual 
-"Ve  Would  an  organization 
?^*f  —  When  an  accident 
TT-V=  —  Think  an  arrangement 
^lAlong  an  alley 

\          -Ought  not  lo  be 

L       But  not  now 

•    &^ 
^i         Did  not  faiow 

J  Do  not  have 
_1  Had  not  been 
.-^J  —  I  do  not  recollect 
.3  I  do  not  remember 
A  I  don't  remember  the  time 

And. 

v           Upon  and  after 

^..Bye  and  bye 
-V.  Before  and  after 

Cannot  be  sustained 

^  At  and  after 

5?il^il£  not  now 

\--~-  Have  nol  known 
L       Thought  not 

—  *—  Come  and  go 

rr^.-_.  .Came  and  wenl 
TJ.-.Give  and  take 
"^^—  _     Go  and  come 

i  _      Have  not  come 

I  It  was  not 
J           Shall  not 

—  T^.__Together  and  apart 
-  Off  and  on 

^V.Will  not  be 

_£•_  You  are  not 
«'  -  You  will  not 

>r^._He  may  not 
_T  am  not  positive 

|i  Say  and  do 

i  From  and  after 

<s_2_Tknow  not 

66                                                   THE  N-HOOK. 

I  knew  not 

a~~&  Some  one's 

JiiZ  We  are  not 

___<rT>ri2Some  one  or  other 
Any-In  one 

Why  not 

_—  rVTL  Whether  or  not 
_x            You  are  not 

.  s> 
Any-In  one's 

"•  —  '         No  one 

I  think  not 

•^a?  No  one's 

One. 

-  -  -  ^?-  _  Only  once 

cT" 
,1  —  But  once-one's 

J              At  one 

4.       At  once-one's 

Long  one 

Between  one 

Long  ones 

v    Into  one 

_^r^  Among  one's 

Along  one 

Each  one's 

Own. 

-_j  Her  own 

\L            Which  one 

°        Which  once-one's 

^\     Our  own 

«             Such  (a)  one 

t£_.  --     Their  own 

-^t  Beneath  one 
H 
V  -If  one 

<\     I 

^       __  Occupy-Upon  her  own 

_--_^.-_Pav  her  own 

J^.  If  once-one's 

!\  ..Put  her  own 
v  --Before  her  own 

^J^z  for  one 
^-9           For  once 

c\__.  About  her  own 

i         After  one 

5    -i 
4     _At-Take  her  own 

J              After  once-one's 

"   Did  her  own 

—  >w  —  Every  one 
_v»  Every  one's 

J       Do  her  own 

\     -  -  Had  her  own 

•j 

Can  her  own 

v*.     -Never  once 

Give  her  own 

^  -.Either  one 

----TTa.Gave-Against  her  own 
Sd           For-  Forget  her  own 

v            Other  one 

„  cca.-Some  one 

-..-(l-_-After  her  own 

THE  N-HOOK.                                                   67 

r 
•               Of  her  own 

(  i 

Fitter  than 

^-..Have-Above  her  own 
-              Thoutrht  her  own 

r 

«  With  her  own 

^-X1-  Harder  than 
Hotter  than 

Jj  _     Though  her  own 

£-.-That  her  own 
J    Was  her  own 

..-C^..-  Later  than 

/•• 

-     _         Lighter  than 

J)  —  Should  her  own 

0. 

_j*  From  her  own 

f    ^  Lower  than 

__  J_  -  Leaner  than 

^      Were-  Where  her  own 

Mightier  than 

<^> 
_Or  her  own 

<T5  More  than 
—  -j.^  —  Much  more  than 
C,          Older  than 

—  -X?  —  Are  her  own 

«*s 
i._Wtthout  her  own 

(L-  Other  than 
r^C.  Prettier  than 

«    -       Whether  her  own 

—  £~»-_When  her  own 

__Quicker  than 

_/a  Rather  than 
.  _^rOr3».Rather  more  than 
s    -  --Rougher  than 

-___S^.  Among  her  own 

Think  her  own 

Than. 

\^        Better  than 

--Shorter  than 

.^-^  Sooner  than 
i:   .Straighter  than 

^^^          Brighter  than 

.!:     .  ..Sweeter  than 

.^--Broader  than 

Tighter  than 

.JfTZ  Weaker  than 

--JV^)-Earlier  than 
.7^  Easier  than 

The  N-hook  may  be  made  into  a  circ 

^^.-Whiter  than 

^m.         Wider  than 

e,  to  add  Say. 
J  .._Did  not  say 

\        But  not  to  say 

?  Did  you  not  say 

d 

68                                                   THE  N-HOOK. 

a              Do  not  say 

Cannot  say 

J  Do  you  not  say 

His  own  may  be  added,  by  changing 
back-hook. 

"^           .Ought  not  his  own 

the  N-hook  to  a  circle  and  affixing  the 
<»\_          _Do  not  his  own 

.  1  But  not  his  own 
1      * 
Did  not  his  own 

_L  Had  not  his  own 

The  word  State,  Stated,  or  Stating, 
to  a  small  loop. 

-L-      .__But  not  stated 

may  be  added,  by  changing  an  N-hook 
<ji-.         They  are  not  stated 

"      \ 

v  _  Be  not  stated 

—  ^f_-Are  not  stated 
^"<3   -     I  may  have  stated 

A  About  not  stating 
2_     Did  not  state 

—  £s>_.He  may  have  stated 
_tra5____Who  may  have  stated 

n 

d_     Do  not  state 

1       Had  not  stated 

J 
Ought  not  to  state 

A  large  class  of  useful  phrase-sig 
Interest  by  the  use  of  the  N-hook  in  co 

is  is  formed  by  indicating  the  word 
nnection  with  the  halving  principle. 

-L  Dower  interest 
J 

*J 

About  interest 

o 

0  —  As  much  interest 

u 

^  From  interest 

4C-  Future  interest 

Can  interest 

_q^  Certain  interest 

Had  (an)  interest 

,_Charge  interest 

J 

>3  Claim  interest 
3  Considerable  interest 

Has  (an)  interest 

1} 
Have  (an)  interest 

THE  F-HOOK.                                                     69 

Jv>  Her  interest 

-  That  interest 

b___If  interest 

0 

In  interest 

^  Upon  interest 

-,  —  Large  interest 
Larger  interest 

What  interest 

_7>       __  Were  interest 

i  -Legal  interest 

Much  interest 

My  interest 

3      Whether  interest 

j—  '           No  interest 

o 

-\           Paid  'ntTPst 

With  interest 

^  Pay  interest 

Without  interest 

J5           Prior  interest 

f           Will  interest 

_<S?__Rate  of  interest 
°*            Shall  interest 

-Would  interest 

Should  interest 

-  ----  "Your  interest 

_<T~v0        Small  interest 

o 

icning  principle,  the  words   Own  and 
phrases  : 

^cra  May  their  own 

By  an  exceptional  use  of  the  lengt 
Than  are  indicated  as  in  the  following 

J  Thought  their  own 
»-    L      Worth  their  own 

\i 

J      _-_  Thank  their  own 

How  their  own 

jt--(,--_With  their  own 
/              Though  their  own 

L-.-Farther  than 

.£.  Further  than 

/^ 
j        Later  than 

l> 

/  That  their  own 

THE    F 

The  F-hook  adds  to  a  stem  the  wor 
or  The  may  be  added  to  such  phrases,  1 

Property  of 

-HOOK. 

d  Of,  Ever,  Have,  Having,  or  Live.  It 
>y  halving  the  stem. 

^          —What  of 

v^—  Part  of 
_V_  Be  of 

.  L—  Talk  of 

I   Out  of 

70                                                     THE  F-HOOK. 

"             City  of 

Form  of 

E___  State  of 

X  .Thought  of 

Difference  of 

0            Worth  of 

t      Day  of 

^  —  That  of 
lL          Was  of 

A  Each  of 

L       Change-  Which  of 

/?    Allow-Whole  of 

^          Or  of 

jt  —  Much  of 
.  _  -       Object  of 

y  -Are  of 

I  _  Agent  of 

/  Advantage-Judge  of 

Week  of 

Any  frequent  and  well  known  word-form,  the  last  or  only  stem  of  which 
is  a  half-length  straight  letter,  may  take  the  F-hook  for  an  added  Of. 

.  Accept   Of                                                        '  P.            T'n«tpar1    nf 

^___Body  of 

n 
Contract  of  insurance 

>  —  ^j 
In  the  habit  of 

—  i^-^Deed  of  conveyance 
-1"3           Good  of 

-  _£a-  Grade  of 

.—^2_Report  of 
-^  Under  date  of 

•  —  p 

Ever. 
-^  Whatever  was 
_Did  ever  know 

./  That  ever  was 
d     Was  ever 

d           Shall  ever 

-L-_  Had  ever  known 
t..Can  ever  be 

£JL-  -Should  ever 

.klZh-If  ever 

—  -is  —  Forever  and  ever 
^^TT^L  Of  ever  knowing 

Ji  Whatever 

L  —  Whichever 
SP  Forever 

—  ^j-  —  Have  ever  been 

THE  F-HOOK.                                                     71 

t)  Soever 

_£  Which  having 

Q.    Wherever 

•=—?._  Against  having 

If  having 

Have. 

_L   After  having 

Of  having 

What  have 

_^O  Ever  having 

A            Did  have 

U  Worth  having 

Can  have 

U  —  Was  having 

O            They  have 

ii_   From  having 

/-..That  have 
\_          As  have 

^  —  Our  having 
Or  having 

c)     Shall  have 

-----xC--Their-Recollect  having 

-^2    —  Are  having 

/*"         Will  have 

Am  having 

—  _lX__Where  have 
-              Or  have 

*"""'        _In  having 

_     y.  Beyond  having 

---.s'*    There  have 

,s  ._Your  having 
Live. 
"             Did  live 

-<S.  May  have 
1L  We  have 

_tx  Would  have 

L_    Do  live 

£m  Ye  have 

-L            Had  lived 

js?  —  Ever  live-d 

Having. 
„  Upon  having 

U.       They  live-d 

/             That  live-d 

—_<5^-.Shall  live 
-A  Should  live 
While  living 

•  —  Between  having 
-j.  But  having 
Each  having 

/^         Will  live 

72                                                     THE  F-HOOK. 

0           Where  (do  you)  live 

.(£           You  live 

„     We  live 

—  £  —  You  are  living 

"^          Would  live 

To  have  is  added  by  the  F-hook,  in  the  following  phrases: 
.v  .Hope  to  have                                 —  =           Gointr  to  have 

<\ 

_.  -.--.Appear  to  have 

*o_     Safe  to  have 

'J            Expect  to  have 

_I              Have  to  have 

jp._  Supposed  to  have 
\            About  to  have 

-^  _    Sure  to  have 

Easy  to  have 

__  -\-_Able  to  have 

u       Was  to  have 

A  Ought  to  have 

cs     Usual  to  have 

Sought  to  have 

0  Were  to  have 

0 
Try  to  have 

7 
4  Which  were  to  have 

^      .-Like  to  have 

.,  Care  to  have 
£-=7?_Claim  to  have 

_  Anything  to  have 

^-^      Nothing  to  have 

The  word  //,  The,  or  Had,  is  added  1 
\L          Hope  to  have  it-the 

o  these  phrases  by  halving: 

A 

Appear  to  have  had-it-the 

.     Expect  to  have  it-the 

jg-.Supposed  to  have  had-it-the 
...About  to  have  it-the 

Have  to  have  it-the 

V 

S;     Able  to  have  it-the 

Vs 

\      (S 

p 
Sought  to  have  it-the 

1 

Try  to  have  it-the 

_   --§.-  Said  to  have  had-it-the 

Had  to  have  it-the 

li 
2  Which  were  to  have  had-it-the 

Soon   to  havp   it-thp 

THE  F-HOOK.. 


7.5 


When  the  immediate  context  will  clearly  indicate  the  meaning,  the  follow- 
ing phrases,  in  which  stems  are  halved  to  indicate  the  past  tense  may  be  used 

. -nupcu   lu  nave 
<\j 


.Hoped  to  have 
-Appeared  to  have 
-Expected  to  have 


.Tried  to  have 
.Cared  to  have 
.Claimed  to  have 


The  phrase  ---- —  Set  off  may  be  written  as  here  indicated. 
expressed  by  the  F-hook,  or  by  the  stems  FTh. 


Forth  mav  be 


Call  forth 

\___Put  forth 

_£ Set  forth 

___A-_— Step  forth 
-tlt,—Calls  forth 


— ^ Goes  forth 

...S^  —  Puti  forth 
£.  — J-Sets  forth 
.J.^c...  Steps  forth 


The  useful  phrases  ... ____  W hat  if-for;  ___{___  but  if;  and  -.-£.-  that  if; 
may  be  written  as  here  indicated. 

The  F-hook  on  a  curved  stem,  with  the  inner  N-hook,  adds  the  words  Have 
been.    Having  been  may  sometimes  be  indicated  in  the  same  manner. 


_S3 Ever  have  been 

^j.--Have  ever  been 

±L They  have  been 

^— That  have  been 

V. So  have  been 

—  .eL— Shall  have  been 

.g). Should  have  been 

--.&- — Usually  have  been 
.(P. Will  have  been 

—  _O Where  have  been 

.^53 May  have  been 

^*& ' 
Any  have  been 

„ Ye  have  been 

£. — You  have  been 

."P. We  have  been    - 


— " — Would  have  been 


j£i For  having  been 

----Uy — After  having  been 

_„ Of  having  been 

v2 — Ever  having  been 

_y> They  having  been* 

^ That  having  been* 

J$ So  having  been 

___ She  having  been 

„ While  having  been 

5l — From  having  been 

.^ Our  having  been 

P. --Her  having  been 

My  having  been 


74 


THE  F-HOOK. 


.In  having  been 


jfj. — Your  having  been* 

— : We  having  been* 


Whether  having  been 

- Nothing  having  been 

'Use  Ing-dot. 


There  may  have  been  is  indicated  as  shown  below,  after  another  stem. 

Or  there  may  have  been 
There  there  may  have  been 
Neither  may  have  been 

N  there  may  have  been 
•?&. — Another  may  have  been 

{- Yet  there  may  have  been 

-t> 

Whether  there  may  have  been 

Ticex-When  there  may  have  been 
_.„ — How  there  may  have  been 
Think  there  mav  have  been 


1 For  there  may  have  been 

\___Ever  there  may  have  been 

/ Though  there  may  have  been 

/ — That  there  may  have  been 

•A      Wa 

-).- 1  see  there  may  have  been 

J_--So  there  may  have  been 

,\ As  there  may  have  been 

^..Usually  there  may  have  been 

^.L While  there  may  have  been 

-..-Xo-FIere  there  may  have  been 
^N Where  there  may  have  been 

The  following  very  useful  phrase-signs  are  formed  by  an  exceptional  use 
of  the  lengthening  principle : 


.L-. If  there  have  been 

L  —  For  there  have  been 

J_ After  there  have  been 

^__Ever  there  have  been 

-L Have  there  ever  been 

L — Though  there  have  been 

J That  there  have  been 

b    \ 

— jy — See  there  have  been 

\ So  there  have  been 

J — Was  there  ever  one 

--J Shall-Show  there  have  been 

j — Should  there  have  been 

oJ. Usually  there  have  been 


.'_ While  there  have  been 

----/--- Well- Will  there  have  been 

__$. Here  there  have  been 

— ^ — Where  there  have  been 

•f?^* May  there  have  been 

— 0 
Any  there  have  been 

^=^S Know  there  have  been 

-___-0 — Why  there  have  been 
_7\ Whether  there  have  been 

,__:N Would  there  have  been 

V 
_^-55 When  there  have  been 

_How  there  have  been 
' — ^        Think  there  have  been 


THE  W-HOOK. 


Avenue  is  indicated  by  the  F-hook,  or  the  V-stem. 

„ — Central  avenue  -4rr^-  —  Douglas  avenue 

— Lake  avenue  — if-^-- Leigh  ton  avenue 

— Monroe  avenue  -V^. East  avenue 

:  avenue 


—  ilS=-_R 


ose  avenue 


p 
I  "I Between  what  stations 

l~-^-At  what  time 

£ ^But  what  is  that 

P — To  what  subject 

hr Did  what  you  could 

[L__Do  what  you  can 

JX Had  what  you  wanted 

711 -Give  what  they  did 


THE  W-HOOK. 

The  W-hook  is  used  for  the  word  We,  Would,  What,  Whether,  Aivay,  or 
Way. 

\- Before  we  went 

n 

P. What  we  said 

.p, But  we  cannot 

2 Did  we  not 

[—. Do  we  make 

___/i_-_Had  we 

.£. Which  we  have 

— <-__-Can  we  not 

^}. Or  we  shall 

---^^a.-Are  we  not 

Would. 

K What  would  you 

,1 It  would  not  be 

II But  would  you 

/> 
(• Each  would  have 

j£-> Which  would  seem 

/ITTMuch  would  require 

(^_\ Or  would  they 

{/"  _There  would  not 
What. 

-{? Upon  what  is  that 

—  N^?_By  what  means 

_Vr- Before  what  court 

£ About  what  time 


_<^o Or  what  they  have 

___c/C!TlThey  are  what  you  need 

_f^^. Are  what  you  think 

Whether. 

_T But  whether  we  have 

-.-.e.-- About  whether  that 

j^__ Or  whether  he  was 

C<<?-- Recollect  whether  they  did 

Away,  Way. 

.£ Part  way 

£  —  Put  away 

Be  away 

By  way  of 

J— What  way 

1 Take  away 

-P---     --Took  away 


c 


76                                                    THE  W-HOOK. 

f 

n 

.  _J  Do  away 

Each  way 

/_  Which  way 

The  same  words  may  be  indicated  by  the  W-semi-circle,  when  the  W-hook 
cannot  be  used. 

X  For  we  were 
i  After  we  were 

.Sj.  Ever  were 

.L  Have  we 

.  _.t  Thought  we  were 

Put  it  away 

1  Though  we  were 

—  1  That  we  were 
3    _         See  what  we 

About  the  way 

)  So  we  were 
)              Say  we  were 

-.             What  it  would 

J        Take  it  away 

3 
\  As  we  were-would 

JL/  As  we  are 

J    .  ..Shall  we  not 

\  Should  we  go 
C»  While  we  were 

How  much  it  would 

—  c--Cut  away 
Give  it-the  way-away 

^^  Here  we  are 

_\  Where  we-would 

TX_     Were  we  connected 
<^_  May  we  take  it 
.__>_<  .Know  we-whether 
fYet  we  were 

If  it  would-were 

--..X^lWhy  we  are 
"\       ..Whether  we  can 

.^  For  what  we-would-were-way 

~~^  When  we-would 

^                                                 -way 

THE  VV-HOOK. 


77 


./5 Of  what  we-would-were-way 

?fc — Ever  did  what 

_£ Have  had  what 

Thought  it  would 

A With  what  we-would-were-wav 


£ — Though  it  would-were 

.. With  it  away 

— That  it  would-were 

A. Saw-See  it  would 

.5 — Say-So  it  would 

_i Was  it  away- Was  the  way 

.As  it  would-were 
-Wish  it  would-were 

J. — Usually  it  would 


____ 


.„ While  it  would 

i__From  what  we-would-were 

-way 
-""^ — — Where  it  would 

Or  it  would 

,<^ There  it  would 

In   what   we-would-were-way 

-^-c Know  it  would 

-j_-.Why  it  would 

__z Why  did  we 

."^ — Whether  it  would-the  way 

_-=£ When  it  would-the  way 

Think  it  would-the  way 

Along  the  way 


In  the  middle  of  a  phrase,  the  semi-circle  may  be  joined  without    an   angle 
to  a  succeeding  K-,  G-,  Ray-,  or  N-stem. 


All  we  know 

fnj-.All  we  can  do 

3r^ All  we  can  expect 

TT^L All  we  can  say  about  it 

JT^\ What  did  we  know  about  it 

Could  we  not' 

Could  we  know 

j/I  f  we  are 

_^r^_ If  we  cannot  have  it 

_--t^__  If  we  could  have  it 

At_-^. For  we  gave  it  to  him 

?~?_If  it  were  known 

_r^l If  it  were  not 

^cXlFor  we  are  not 

-S^-- For  we  were  not 

.5-Alf  we  knew  about  it 

{--*. After  we  are 


.(.. After  we  came  there 

_L__ .After  we  knew 

_L Have  we  anything 

^ Have  we  known 

-(5-- Have  we  not  been 

L That  were  known 

-£ That  were  not 

L — That  we  know 

_£ That  we  knew 

l  know  we  are 

we  not  know 

you  know  whether  there  is 
/7-. Do  you  know  whether  or  not 
Urt/VDo  you  know  whether  or  no 

_Wtx^?-.Do  you  know  whether  they 

are  there 

. .  _L^      Do  you  know  whether  we  can 
*^  have  it 


THE  Y-HOOK. 


o  you  know  we  received  it 
—  I— £/^Do  you  know  whether  we  are 

1  think  we  are  not 

1  think  we  were  not 


you  know  whether  there 

was 
you  know  whether  there 

are 
Do  you  know  whether  they 

are  or  not 

you  know  whether  there 
•were 


The  semi-circle  may  be  used  after  a  small  circle,  in  such  phrases  as  the 
following  : 

_  <s  _____  I  trust  we  shall  be 
_>__<^_-_Such  as  we  would 
>£  _____  For  as  we  were 
___  4_  ^-Says  we  may 
>=-£_  __  Knows  we  cannot 


.§ Possibly  we  shall 

_V__  Believes  we  have 

ni Because  we  thought 

_L*__  Asks  whether  they  did 

-Sa ; I  suppose  we  shall 


___  !^  ___  Remembers  we  were 

THE 

The  Y-hook  is  used  for  the  words 


-  Thinks  we  are 


-----  Upon  you 
A  —  Hope-Pay  you 


/V Put-Part  you 

<\ 
___By  you 

_3 Before  you-you  are 

<\__About  you 

f\ 

.1 What  you-you  are 

Q_— At-Take  you 

.^. But-To-Took  you 

— Did  you 

-J Do  you 

..-^—Hzd  you 

.1. Watch  you 

/---Which  you-you  are 

.O Charge  you 

Commit  you 


Y-HOOK. 

You,  Your,  You  are,  and  Year. 

Can- Accompany  you 

Give-n  you 

_<=T- Gave-Against  you 

--*-~- — Or  you-you  are 

-C. Recollect  you-r-you  are 

£/£ — Are  you 

->M If  you-you  are 

—  A- — For  you-you  are 

-Q- After  you-you  are 

>±--Of  you 


-S-  -----  Ever  you 

----  fl  —  Have  you 

0 
.}  ------  Thought  you 


____  p  ___  Thank  you 

0   * 
.^  ______  With  you 


.Though  you-you  are 


THE  Y-HOOK. 


? That  you-you  are 

Saw-See  you-you  are 


_/. Say- So  you-you  are 

9- — Sue  you 

J) As  you-you  are 

^i Wish  you 

_J? Shall-Show  you-you  are 

_n Should  you 

*/. Usually  you-you  are 

<2 While  you-you  are 

-6. Will  you 

—  X" — Allow  you 

3£>- May  you 

— ___-_Whom  you-you  are 

• In  you-r 

— ^-^--Know  you-you  are 

Beyond  you 

..._ll_-Why-Without  you 

Jt^ Whether  you-you  are 

O) Would  you 

_C> When  you-you  are 

How  you-you  are 

Think  you-you  are 

Sr^._  Among- Nothing  you 

rx  Your, 

-.r Upon  your  own 

--__^__Hope  your  statement 

->-3 Pay  your  account 

— C\ — Put  your  question 

_> By  your  own 

_.-f\<?__Before  your  recollection 

<\        _  .About  your  own 

1 

J       What  your  own 


_!„ At-Take  your  books 


-fl^-.- But  you  may 

.-fl — To  your  brother 

fl Took  your  own 

T 

. -r^--Did  your  work 

_t- Do  your  best 

—  .1 — .Had  your  opportunity 
7    \ 

'--\- Watch  your  business 

—  Z^._Which  your  method 
-t-r? Change  your  course 

..-7- --Charge  your  account 

-j-p ^^Can  your  statement 

^. — ^Or  your  own 

_<J__ Recollect  your 

,/ri__Are  your  own 

^...Recover  your  standing 

You  Are. 
hope  you  are  willing 

—  -\^J.  Before  you  are  ready 

..s What  you  are  able  to  do 

—  -']_---But  you  are  not  going 
_/— ~^-^_AVhich  you  are  making 

..--Hovf  much  are  you  willing 
.Or  you  are  not 

_.._c^ Recollect  you  are 

4;, What  if  you  are  not 

_  _S=<^rT3  For  you  are  mistaken 

_Q_ After  you  are  away 

_s^_.Ever  you  are 

_( Though  you  are 

—  ^. — That  you  are 

,_ See  you  are 

). Say- So  you  are 


S) As  you  are  doing 

-•-_=et-_Show  you  are  capable 


8o                                                      THE  Y-HOOK. 

^ 

Year. 

n 

—  '  —  Where  you  are 

c^-'      ..Know  you  are 

n 

_/  Each  year 

C-s 

'    Why  you  are 

/.-.Which  year 

°S       Whether  you  are 

_/)  That  year 

.O.  When  you  are 
How  you  are 

Any  year 

^-^          Think  you  are 

^t  No  vear 

The  Y-semi-circle  may  be  used  to  indicate  the  same  words,  when  the  hook 
cannot  be  used  conveniently.    It  may  also  be  used  for  yoiw.s  and  FVars. 

^            Bv  the  vear                                                 Whv  thp  war 

V\.-Before  the  year 
About  the  year 

rV.  Whether  the  year 
Would  the  year 

\r\ 

But-To  the  year 

*> 

L.          ^\ 

Did  the  year 

How  the  year 

jd  .  Which  the  year 

Think  the  year 

._  If  the  year 

_^.  Half  a  year 
V.-,.  A  bout  a  year  ago 
*•—  -  _     For  a  year  and  a  half 

^-n  ..For-  Forget  the  year 

.   After  the  year 

^..Of  the  year 

From  year  to  year 

Thought  the  year 

_v-i__  Two  years  ago 
^  Two  or  three  years  ago 
.X*1          Last  year 

,_  —  That  the  year 
i  Say-So  the  year 

Is  the  year 

M       Year  after  year 

X.          Was  the  year 

...  Should  the  year 

A 

._     -.Year  by  year 

„  From  the  year 

Or  the  year 

_-  What  did  you-r-s 

•s~         Recollect  the  year 

_._   But  did  you-r-s 

.  In  the  year 

n                            f 

_   X  Which  did  you-r-s 
,,  After  the  years 

After  what  vou-r-s-vear-s 

THE  Y-HOOK. 


.Affect  you-r-s 


Wo — Effect  you-r-s 

Of  what  you-r-s-year-s 

Avoid  you-r-s 

Ao_ Evade  you-r-s 

.—.—Thought  the  year-s 

With  what  you-r-s 

That  the  year-s 

.  . That  had  you-r-s 


.)• — Say  to  you-r-s 


_)•-_,. — So  did  you-r-s 
_ — Is  it  you-r-s 


• Was  it  you-r-s 

... — As  to  you-r-s 

r) 

, Allowed  you-r-s 

From  what  you-r-s-year-s 


rVi Where  did  you-r-s 

">>. — Heard  you-r-s 

-•an Made-Met  you-r-s 

In  what  you-r-s-year-s 

Need-Not  your-s 

^i.Know  the  year-s 

-Vi' Under  you-r-s 

Beyond  the  year-s 

JZ Yet  you-r-s 

-^.-.You  had  your-s 

^^     ft 

_^2 Why  did  you-r-s 

— _"%)  _:_Whether  the  year-s 

_     Would  the  year-s  '• 

r^«._When  did  you-r-s 

How  did  you-r-s 


The  Y-semi-circle  may  be  used  after  a  small  circle,  in  phrases  like  the 
following  : 


**    ' 


.Possibly  you  may 


—  V^T.Hopes  you  will 
Jdu_  —  Suppose  you  go 

__^V=_  Believes  you  can 

L<* 
J?l  -----  What  is  your  recollection 

\ 


—        _  s  your   mpresson 

-~^/'-  —We  trust  you  will 
-(k^rr^  .Does  your  mother 


I7-.lV  -Because  you  were 
_.  — C- Gives  you  that 

— Where  is  your  brother 


you  go 
5rrr__Knows  you  can 
__*__ Why  is  your 

m When  is  your 

---XThinks  you  have 


The  semi-circle  may  be  used  initially,  for  You  or  Your. 


_-_ Your  property 

7\._Your  hope-pay 

_^V You  put 

M 
1 — You  ought-talk 

—You  take 


_^j You  took 

— 3—  You  do 
-}— .  —You  had 

'  y 

'. — You  watch 

/ You  change 


82 


THE  M-HOOK. 


_i You  charge 

.'_ — You  object-ed 

_y You  judge-d 

, You  give 

iVrt. You  gave 

M 
-^ — You  form-ed 

-W You  forget-forgot 

i — You  thought 

*\ 

-L You  saw-see 

1 — You  say 

Ji Your  house 

4 
rl-_You  wish 


.You  shall 


.^ You  should 

_-i.-You  usually 

j^TI You  will 

— -'^_2_You  also 

--^~- You  allow 

o/l.You  recollect 

--f- Your    recovery 

^./1-You  are 

_ocTi — You  may 
.  __-cvr<»  You  must 
.¥*—<. — You  know 
-.You  think 


In  the  middle  of  a  phrase,  the  semi-circle  for  You  may  be  joined  without 
an  angle  to  a  succeeding  stem. 


^ft 


-?\. By  what  you  say 

i=O — Could  you  say  it  was 

"Vi       ) 

"V" 


.can  -----  When  did  you  say  it  was 


can 


----it^-When  did  you  see  him 

J^s Where  did  you  see  him 

A — Which  did  you  say 

•X          / 

-_J Why  did  you  say  that 


__  ----- 

----  Jj-.With  what  you  had 


From  what  you  say  about  it 
— -^.How  did  you  happen 

-!| What  did  you  do 

J«»  What  did  you  say  to  him 

-<?KX When  did  you  pay  him 

THE    M-HOOK. 

The  M-hook  is  used  to  indicate  the  words  May,  Him,  Make-ing,  My,  or 
Time.  If  it  is  desired  to  indicate  the  termination  ing  in  Making,  it  may  be 
done  by  the  Ing-dot,  or  by  the  inner  N-hook. 


May. 

-rV,  ----  What  may  be  said 

----  liwTt  may  be  referred 

_y  ------  Each  may  choose 

...  .CM.  Which  may  not  be 

_.  ----  Much  may  be  said 

w-Ever  may  be 


'. They  may  not 

.„ — She  may 


^ Where  may  you 

Or  may 


-gC.-—-There  may 
I— -_~>L__We  may  be  able  to 
• You  may  know 


THE  M-HOOK.                                                   83 

_>?  What  you  may  say 

>J          For-  Forget  him 

_---0_  —  But  you  may  say 
"*           Each  may  say 

^  —  After  him 
^           Of  him 

V1  They  may  say 

—  ^_  —  Have-Above  him 
hi  Thought  him 

-L  That  may  say 
She  may  say 

_-  ./       Thank  him 

K  Did  you  hear  him  say 
Or  may  say 

C^^; 
With  him 

_^__  Sue  him 

<J  Owes  him 

Him. 

\            Has  him 

...  fr{--Wish  him 

\)  Pay  him 

x  __-  Show  him 

f>    Allow  him 

\  Put  him 
\-L_.By  him 

-  From-Hear  him 

0 

___Or  him 

\i  Before  him 

*£—        Recollect  him 

_-__Y__-  About  him 
\i          .Between  him 

j.  ,_In  him 

Near  him 

l>___At-Take  him 

."^--Know  him 

—  .  Knew  him 

^^    ~~ 

Beyond  him 

J  To-Took  him 

i       But  him 

y  Did  him 

_„  Without  him 

L  Do-Due  him 

Think  him 

J  Had  him 
y___Watch  him 

__^  „  .Occupy  himself 

Upon  himself 

/  —  Charge  him 
_y  _Adjoin-ed  him 

^          Pay  himself 

_\.^_.Put  himself 
_j*  By  himself 

/      Judge  him 

Commit  him 

\3-  -Before  himself 

.j.  Accompany  him 

\        _  About  himself 

1 
**      Between  himself 

.1  To-Took  himself 

84                                                     THE  M-HOOK. 

Is           Did  himself 

.y    -_     By  making 

___.b  Do  himself 

1  ..   ...Had  himself 
ts    / 

6   -Watch  himself 

\j__  Before  making 

-V,  About  making 
L  It  make 

/  Charge  himself 
__„  y  —  Judge  himself 

3  V 

-1  But-To  make 

G    1 

»  "      Did  make 

Give-n  himself 

.~__Each  make 

—  s          Gave-Against  himself 

_^--        Which  make 

VJ  —  For-Forget  himself 
Of  himself 

Q  Such  make 

^»  Have-Above  himself 

--  -^^  Against  making 

_S?  Thought  himself 

(?___With  himself 

-V9--         Though  himself 

--._*L_  .See  himself 

si~  -       Owes-  Was  himself 

—  ^  —  As  himself 
_«d  Wish  himself 

-_-_L___Above  making 

—  &l  —  Shall-Show  himself 
-•£?„_     Will  himself 

r  With  making 

-Ci  They  make 

/  That  make 
\    v 
_si  Was  making 

fS  —  Allow  himself 
^__  Or  himself 

x^__  Recollect  himself 

She  make 

.,2  Recover  himself 
—!r3>~May  himself 
-v2>  Know  himself 
Knew  himself 

.ex.  Shall  make 

,}--  Should  make 
„  While  making 

C    Will  make 

f 

-^.  From  making 

___JiL  Her-Were  making 

.">  Our  make 

Make,  Making. 

P 

Or  make-ing 

THE  M-HOOK.                                                   85 

Am  making 

^           Of  my 

In  making 

v>      Ever  my 

_:?  We  make 

Thought  my 

u_           Whether  making 

_u  Worth  my 

~N  Would  make 

---./.-.  -Thank  my 
~            With  my 

^i.-Your-You  are  making 
My. 

/             That  my 

\j  Pay  my 

J  Was-Owes  my 

\             Put  my 

}  —  Has  my 
&          Wish  my 

^*--  Bv-Buv  mv 

->i--.  --Before  my 

frj  _  Shall-Show  my 

V;--  About  my 
_y  Ought-What-Between  my 

.  J  Should  my 

<_  While  my 

.U—  At-Take  my 
-j_  ---But-To-Took  my 
k.-Did  my 

^      .  Will  my 

^~>  .  Allow  my 

-L-  Do  my 

I_--Had  my 
.if  Watch  my 

'             Or  my 

/     Recollect  my 

/_  They  are  my 

J       Charge  my 

.^2.  Recover  my 
_  7  Are  my 
In  my 

^      Adjoined  my 

.4..Adjourn-ed  my 

>?  Know  my 

.-Knew-Own  my 

__k  Beyond  my 

_--j^_--Why-  Without  my 

-y  Whether  my 

^  Would  my 

.Si__  For-  Forget  my 

x^  When  my 
^>     Among  my 

.U.  After  my 

86                                                      THE  M-HOOK. 

My  Own. 
Occupy  my  own 

\3 

—  .--..Upon  my  own 

.S?  Hope-  Pay  my  own 

—  -Nyj.-Put  my  own 
Be-Buy  my  own 

\          _As-Has  my  own 

-\5  About  my  own 

/  Should  my  own 

-v  At-Take  mv  own 

_/3  Allow  my  own 
o 

^      Did  my  own 

v      Do  my  own 

i               Had  my  own 
U    / 
V  Watch  my  own 

<<   ..Recollect  my  own 

_^2  Are-Recover  my  own 
--Hear  my  own 

j  Charge  my  own 
"  Adjoin-ed  my  own 

_  0     Were-  Where  my  own 

r^-t-May  my  own 
...Am  my  own 

_£> 

--  o  Can-Accompany  my  own 

<T 

.£  You  are  my  own 

y 

«  _Yet  mv  own 

-..  Why-Without  my  own 

o.  —  Whether  my  own 

l^.-After  my  own 

.<t>  —  When  my  own 

How  my  own 

Think  my  own 

xD     /                                               * 

^3.       -Among  my  own 

-Alone  my  own 

L  Thank  my  own 

Time. 
.^.^  About  time 
~     What  time 

\$  Though  my  own 

THE  TER-HOOK.                                                   87 

_L>  Take  time 

¥-          Usual  time 

L  —  But-Took  time 
„»;  Each  time 

j_L_  Were-Her  time 

-~\.          Our  time 

£      Which  time 

_  C  Change  time 

Mv  time 

/  Charge-Much  time 
i      " 
_°  If  time 

-  —  ^=5      Many  times 

>J      For  time 

-ili.No  time 
.xi  Your  time 

i     After  time 

S^      Of  time 

f 

Bevond  time 

-U-----Have-Above  time 
^J      Every  time 

-.  .     -.Without  time 

r            With  time 

Long  time 

Y.  That  time 
i          -Has  time 

_>r?__  Length  of  time 

R-HOOK. 

e'vr,  There,  or  They  are.    In  the  exam- 
also. 

<J_     Which-Change  their 

THE   TE 

The  Ter-hook  is  used  to  indicate  Th 
pies  given,  it  is  used  to  indicate  Other, 

Their. 
_~  Upon  their 

-.0  Hope-Pay  their 

A  Put  their 

0  \ 

rf  --   Be-Buy  their 

_/_  Judge  their 
-...^---Charge  their 
Commit  their 

i             Before  their 

..Can  their 

J      Ought-What-Between  their 

—  r>.-Gave-Against  their 

J        At-Take  their 

_„.   Or  their 

L             But-Took-To  their 

..../?-  -Recollect  their 

J      i 
^...Did  their 

_x^i  Are-Recover  their 
There. 
^            Up-  Pay  there 

J         ..Do-  Due  their 

Had  their 
«V            Watch  their 

^     .Hope-  Pay  there 

88                                                   THE  TER-HOOK. 

^  -Be-Buy  there 

They  Are. 

I 
°       What-Between  there 

o  Before  they  are 

I             Out-To-But  there 

r.  .  What  they  are 

1 

J        Did  there 

—  -j.  —  But  they  are 
L£       Which  they  are 

J             Do  there 

_      I  Had  there 
Y,           Watch-Each  there 

How  much  they  are 

<J 
.£.  ___!  judge  they  are 

J       Which-Change  there 

..  „_  Or  they  are 

/            Much-Charge  there 

,-^i  There  they  are 

J      Object-ed  there 

^2.  -Recollect  they  are 

—y          Came-Come  there 

Other. 
_fl  Each  other 

—  3  '  Company  there 

.  Can  there 
—  ~> 

'    Given  there 

—  -<^_-_Such  other 
-J.  Much  other 

—->.  Go  there 
—  3    Together  there 

-^\-  —  Are  otherwise 
-^3\_  Recollect  otherwise 

^          Or  there 

^  .Recollect  there 

./Try''     -Sometime  or  other 

In  the  following  phrases,  the  N-hook  may  be  omitted  : 
_  Combine  their                                J            rvme  tkpn> 

v.     Been  there 

_L  Down  there 
Cone  there 

il  Contain  their 

The  inner  N-hook  is  Used  within  the  Ter-hook,  for  Own  or  Not. 

Upon    their   OWn                                            **                    WViat-Rptwoon    thmr   /mm 

?  Occupy  their  own 

Ought  their  own 

_e  Hope-Pav  their  own 

cl             At-Take  their  own 

V       Put  their  own 

...J  But-To-Took  their  own 
"        Did  their  own 

«             Be-Buy  their  own 

^       Before  their  own 

J  Do  their  own 

\       .  About  their  own 

J  Had  their  own 

3 

THE   TER-HOOK. 


.Watch  their  own 


..SL — Which-Change  their  own 

/ Charge  their  own 

-J?_ — Adjoin-ed  their  own 


.^ Judge  their  own 

Commit  their  own 

-_--_ Can  their  own 

o 

Give-n  their  own 

-•=t>. Gave- Against  their  own 

Or  their  own 

^?- Recollect  their  own 

<^£_They  are  their  own 

_,.x5Z Are.  their  own 

./^.-Recover  their  own 


Not. 
.« Hope  they  are  not 


....What  they  are  not 

A Ought  there  not 

^ — But  they  are  not 

-. Did  there  not 

cL-.Do  there  not 

_J Had  there  not 

c/... Which  they  are  not 

-^ Much  they  are  n6t 

— T/~-  Judge  they  are  not 

-_- Can  there  not 

/° 
/ Or  they  are  not 

J?_ Recollect  they  are  not 

/a Rather  not 


In  a  few  phrases,  Been  or  Than  may  be  added  to  the  Ter-hook  by  the  inner 
N-hook ;  as,  -._J Had  there  been;.. ..^3— Rather  than. 

Therefore  is  written  with  the  F-stem  after  the  Ter-hook.     Thereby  may  be 
written  in  a  similar  manner,  with  the  B-stem  after  the  hook. 


\ 
___  V_ 


J 


..-.I 


Hope  therefore 
.Pay  therefor  -e 
Be  therefore 
Ought-  What  therefore 
It  therefore 
Take  therefore 
Took  therefore 
Did  therefore 
Do  therefore 
Had  therefore 


*4 Which  therefore 

'—J- — Much  therefore 

Jfc{ Object  therefore 

./ Judge  therefore 

.rrp. Come  therefore 

Can  therefore 

-/3-- - ^n  Are  therefore 
-../^--Recollect  therefore 
_/?. Recover  therefore 


OMISSIONS  OF  WORDS. 


OMISSIONS    OF    WORDS. 

Any  word  or  portion  of  a  word  that  will  naturally  be  suggested  by  the  form 
of  a  phrase-sign,  may  be  omitted  for  the  sake  of  a  more  easily  written  outline. 


"A"  and  "And"  Omitted. 

A^_ About  a  year  ago 

^^,     Again  and  again 

J     At  a  glance 

Jo— _At  such  a  time 

\    *~\ 

l^s Ayes  and  noes 

...NV/_  Better  and  better 

_£ Black  and  blue 

r 
.---$ — Blacker  and  blacker 

Brighter  and  brighter 

o 

__.77-~-.Cause  and  effect 

1 Deaf  and  dumb 

v  II 

Ih-.  Deeper  and  deeper 

L Easier  and  easier 

_J__^)--East  and  west 

^f, Easterly  and  westerly 

_.__Ty.-  Eastern  and  western 

A Farther  and  farther 

--VsL,.- Faster  and  faster 

V.CT. For  a  great  deal 

isc^lFor  a  great  while 

5s^jj For  a  long  time 

^j>_For  a  longer  time 

_^. For  a  year  and  a  half 

L Forever  and  ever 

..Further  and  further 
/ 
.Greater  and  greater 

.Higher  and  higher 
••^ 
T7._Horse  and  carriage 

.£T!?- Horse  and  wagon 


p-  ___  In  such  a  case 

In  such  a  position 


jQ  _____  Ladies  and  gentlemen 
----  ^---Larger  and  larger 
^T--:_.,Less  and  less 


Lighter  and  lighter 

Longer  and  longer 

-yd^-t\_ Looser  and  looser 
f^y^\  Lower  and  lower 

.>* — Lord  and  Saviour 

-<C7O>___More  and  more 
— _-t-_North  and  south 

-T&T Northerly  and  southerly 

-JL -Northern  and  southern 

-"-/--— Now  and  then 

H. 

-- — -\^-Over  and  above 
-J^- Over  and  over 

—  -JP — Physician  and  surgeon 

Quicker  and  quicker 

.„ Right  and  left 

__-JL — Shorter  and  shorter 
-T- Stronger  and  stronger 

—  £~* — Such  a  time 
-J> Such  and  such 

—  Sum  and  substance 


-L — --.That  is  a-the  question 
— .£ — Through  and  through 
— ^ Tighter  and  tighter 


-Time  and  again 


J To  and  fro 


OMISSIONS  OF  WORDS. 


y_2_- — Twelve  and  fifteen 

2J^_Twenty-five  and  thirty 

A Up  and  down 

-U— -Vaster  and  vaster 

T^ra Ways  and  means 

Weaker  and  weaker 

_X"_ Wise  and  good 

Tky- Worse  and  worse 

,£j> Yeas  and  nays 

^° Years  and  years 

4_^ Yes  and  no 

"Do  You"  Omitted. 

-. How  do  you  do 

-L._.--_How  do  you  do  it 

How  do  you  know'  it 

.How  do  you  know  that 
How  do  you  know  they  are 

do  you  know  there  is 

anything 

_. How  do  you  fix  the  date 

'V    f 

— ___ — How  do  you  fix  the  time 

-^rTrT-How  do  you  imagine 

-i^ How  do  you  recollect  it-the 

do  vou  recollect  the  fact 


_. How  do  vou  remember  the 

V-*  time 

. How  do  you  suppose 

'So  . 
-^—^ — LHow  do  you  think  they  did  it 

-V-- Where  do  you  live 

IA Where  do  you  reside 

— ! How  did  it  occur 

— -..-.-How  did  it  impress  you 
low  did  you  find  it 

.How  did  you  come  to  the 
>  conclusion 


How  did  you  get  acquainted 

— -- — How  did  you  go  there 

"From — to"  Omitted. 

-II From  day  to  day 

•^.-From  hour  to  hour 

-V From  place  to  place 

From  time  to  time 

.From  week  to  week 

L( — From  month  to  month 

_- From  year  to  year 

"Have"  and  "To  Have"  Omitted. 

^ Before  there  have  been 

—  --}  —  But  there  have  been 

Can  there  have  been 

Cannot  have  been 


t 


-.—  -----Cannot  have  done 

.-Try. -Could  have  been 

_^i Could  have  done 

r^.Could  not  have  been 

.=-=^4 Could  not  have  done 

— — <a — Hope  there  have  been 

-y        * 

-« 1  have  been 

J. — I  have  done 

-1$ 1  have  not  been 

_./j3_-I  have  not  done 


•fv 


.I. 1  shall  have  been 


-_-.*:  —  I  shall  have  done 
r<*,.  ____  I  shall  not  have  been 
___  <^__May  not  have  been 
_>  ____  May  not  have  done 


___  £-a*-y 


have  been 
____  Must  have  done 
Must  not  have  been 


92                                            OMISSIONS  OF  WORDS. 

iO=ri  —  Must  not  have  done 
J] 
_X.--Ought  there  to  have  been 

—  \-v           Could  not  have  been 

(^-.After  I  have  been 

A  Seems  to  have  been 

._J  Seems  to  have  done 

_/-.      —  That  I  have  been 

---D  —  Seems  not  to  have  done 
\       Shall  have  been 

_..^,__As  I  have  been 

-J--L  Shall  have  done 
J  Should  have  been 

—  -^..Should  I  have  been 

--^.s  —  Should  have  done 
A__pL__So  as  to  have  been 

_«  So  as  to  have  done 

1         ^ 
ot-^-So  as  not  to  have  been 

_cL»  So  as  .not  to  have  done 
—  x^_There  have  been 

">. 

-<^>.  May  I  have  been 

--^  Own  I  have  been 

^..Usually  have  been 
-\/  Which  there  have  been 
"Have  You"  Omitted. 
_--,  How  long  have  you  been 

_^Q.  Whether  I  have  been 

—  <^5-.-When  I  have  been 

acquainted 
-^^  —  How  long  have  you  been 
X                                                away 

"Ing"  Omitted. 
J:IZ  According  to  that 
:)-   Building  contract 

"o                                                there 

~\_^  —                                       engaged 

-%--  —  Boarding  school 
—  ^j--Concerning  the  case 

*""\^                                                  there 
—  _-~  How  long  have  vou  resided 

-_How  long  have  vou  resided 

l—.He  was  going  there 

*  —  t 
^^  In  the  evening 

^f                                                       there 
"I"  Omitted. 

CJL-  .Lodging  house 

OMISSIONS  OF  WORDS. 


y^-.^r?.  Looking  glass 
—  .VI  -Observing  that 
_b  ------  Pending  decision 

-----  j-.Preceding  clause 


Reading  room 
-_-.Sv.  Riding  hcrse 
^.0  —  Saving  clause 

/ri-.Sewing  machine 

?  ^ 
______  Sitting  room 

>v.--  Wedding  present 

"Of"  and  "Of  the"  Omitted. 
_vf>-  ___  Act  of  Congress 
.  —  -Act  of  Parliament 


Acts  of  Congress 
Acts  of  Parliament 


___ 
Tl  ____  Acts  of  the  legislature 


of  them 

-  —  Best  of  my  knowledge 
•--rvC-Bgjt  of  my  recollection 
-*-^^---  Best  of  my  remembrance 

—  /---Bill  of  exchange 
.^^--Bill  of  lading 
-.-^.--Bill  of  sale 
-£?  -----  Bills  of  exchange 
..—  STTlBills  of  lading 
-£?  _____  Bills  of  sale 
—  rv^.--  Board  of  directors 
-'V0--  -Board  of  claims 
...yT(-Board  of  health 
Aq  _____  Board  of  trade 
___  !Vl_  -Board  of  underwriters 
-^_-  ----  By  virtue  of 
___  ^C..E     wa     of  illustration 


^.  -----  Cause  of  that 

----  p^--Certificate  of  stock 

-4^1*  ..Chamber  of  commerce 
---^T-._  Child  of  God 
_£  _____  Children  of  God 

----  4-a..  Children  of  men 

-J-  -----  Church  of  England 

--3L  /.-Church  of  God 
-/o-  -----  Church  of  Rome 

^i_B 

----  a~fL.  Circumstances  of  the  case 
-<=^o  —  Course  of  business 

---£-T«)  -Course  of  trade 
-Irrc  ----  Day  of  the  week 

—  Day  of  the  month 
-k.-  ----  District  of  Columbia 
Each  of  my 


_r\ 

1 


__\ 


_r\ Each  of  our 

1  / 
_ — Each  of  your 

_W\_ For  the  purpose  (of) 

For  the  sake  of 
Freedom  of  speech 

*1 History  of  the  "world 

-^. House  of  God 

.^XV-House  of  Representatives 

-j.a Houses  of  Congress 

JJL Houses  of  Parliament 

>^2. Length  of  time 

-"^.Liberty  of  the  press 

_/!/T_ Love  of  God 

<rr^/-Many  of  them 

,-rr-^crfLMatter  of  course 
--..s-rr^  Matter  of  fact 

of  importance 


94 


OMISSIONS  OF  WORDS. 


-Member  of  Congress 
^.Member  of  Parliament 

,_VT?_ JMember  of  the  legislature 

..— <nc^Most  of  the  time 
rmC — Neither  of  them 

^V One  of  the  best 

J=-tiOne  of  the  most 

_Zi One  of  them 

IX-One  of  the  worse 

._<, Point  of  fact 

>y-  Point  of  order 

-ITI^ Point  of  time 

--X. — Point  of  view 


-arrr^l.  President  of  the  common 

P.  council 

.JO  -----  President  of  the  United  States 


o{  Agriculture 
-if  -----  Secretary  of  State 
—  oTs-^Secretary  of  the  Navy 
-O^.  —  Secretary  of  War 
_-_.xj^._Sotne  of  them 


of  the  time 
—  _Jrr~>_  Space  of  time 
.trw.  —  State  of  the  market 
•_^cv^i«i.Sum  of  money 
Ori  __  Sums  of  money 


/     .United  States  of  America 

I      — 
i  U          .What  time  of  day 

1     i 
id.What  time  of  night 

-^ Word  of  God 

...<5>r^»  Words  of  my  text 
r^,.^.-  Words  of  our  text 
__/>f?-Words  of  the  text 
-<^-- World  of  fashion 


World  of  nature 
.World  of  spirits 
-£*- Years  of  age 

"On"  Omitted. 

On  either  hand 

"5-.On  one  hand 

-JS- On  the  contrary 

.C—.On^the  other  hand 

"Or"  Omitted. 

-^ One  or  two 

\ — Two  or  three 

-X. Three  or  four 

'   7f         ,-, 

— ^-» — rour  or  five 

Five  or  six 

or  seven 
Seven  or  eight 
Eight  or  nine 
.Nine  or  ten 

LL Eleven  or  twelve 

J.?- .Twelve  or  fifteen 

LL.Q Forty  or  forty-five 

O 
,±13. Forty-five  or  fifty 

-^-_--  —  Black  or  white 
.-_£TL_ .Greater  or  less 

..Has  it  or  has  it  not 
.!«- -Heirs  or  assigns 

_erfy In  or  about 

JL^-Is  it  or  is  it  not 

-A-_^_-. Large  or  small 

irger  or  smaller 
May  or  may  not 
May  it  or  may  it  not 


r 


OMISSIONS  OF  WORDS. 


95 


.Might  or  might  noi 

:  or  less 
o/?- — More  or  less  than 

^...Once  or  twice 

""N 
-A One  or  the  other 

.--.A_-On  or  before 

™ Right  or  left 

..-^-.-Sooner  or  later 
.\ — L-.Was  it  or  was  it  not 
.. A- --White  or  black 


."X Would  or  would  not 

£y.Yes  or  no 

The,  To  The,  With  the. 

-t As  to  the  money 

» — • — • 

.. — As  to  the  time 

V    * 

=»-..     -.Come  to  a-the  conclusion 
Fix  the  date 
the  time 

In  the  meantime 

—  >j>- -Under  the  circumstances 


P. — Under  the  necessity 
—  -fTT/LWhat  is  the  matter 
"To"  Omitted. 

According  to  it-the 

^..According  to  that 

-\Z According  to  which 

^..According  to  you-r 

-Appears  to  me 
.As  it  seems  to  me 
-Entitled  to  consideration 
— w5__.Forty  to  forty-five 

X Forty-five  to  fifty 

,-ltL.In  reference  to  that 


<i  o~~> 


-7L. In  regard  to  them 

In  relation  to 

_I_Vv^_-In  reply  to  your  letter 
~ ~A£c^n  respect  to  my  intention 
_rio^---In  response  to  his  letter 
— it^r\_  Intend  to  be 

-•=~d Intend  to  do 

— o^-— It  is  not  for  me  to  say 
L* It  is  not  to  be  mentioned 

^TTn 

Jj^It  will  have  to  be 

-.\ Mean  to  be 

„ — _)._Mean  to  say 

-<^- Meant  to  be 

c^._Meant  to  have  been 

,c> Meant  to  say 

Hy.  -Ought  not  to  be 

_^- Ought  not  to  have 

.>j— .Ought  not  to  have  been 

Seemed  to  make 

Seemed  to  me 

— -X — Seems  to  be 

.Seems  to  me 

So  as  to  be 

.So  as  to  become 

.So  as  to  make 
'.Something  to  have 

-fc. This  is  to  be 

..-.\-jWant  to  be 

.] Want  to  say 

—  jy.- — With  reference  to 

"With  regard  to 

.     h With  relation  to 

\ With  respect  to 


96                             SPECIAL  PHRASING  CONTRACTIONS. 

«-v 

__     -Without  reference  to 

«>, 

-_T  Without  relation  to 

Without  regard  to 

%_  Without  respect  to 

G    CONTRACTIONS. 

-TI  Catholic  church 
»cf-  -Certain  extent 

SPECIAL    PHRASIN 

All  together 

I.A11  right 

.._  -^.--.And  so  forth 
P  AS  far  as  that 

a 
—  o^^  -Certificate  of  stock 

—  ^---As  far  as  I  (he-we-they)fcnow 
As  regards 

1  Debenture  bond 

*     1 

jr7  Episcopal  church 
_\fz_  Estimated  cost 
i  Estimated  weight 
3  Eternal  life 

/*"    Electric  chair 
h— 

_/_   Electric  energy 
/]__Electric  engine 

y          Electric  fluid 
S^----~ 

\  f-    Electric  light 

J  At  hand 

j>  At  least 

J"  At  length 

K,--  At  the  present  time 
r  Authorized  to  say 

_^-_  Authorized  version 
>y^__Back  stairs 
X—  Bank  stock 
^  Baptist  church 

_<$\  Electric  light  wire 
^"^  Electric  meter 

rv    --..Boarding  school 
__j\.  Brother  in  law 

V       C_^ 

-10       Buying  their  goods 

^-  —  v      Electric  motor 

<Y  Electric  wire 
_tr*l---Electro-magnet 
.Enacting  clause 

_-.~b_  .Calls-Call  his  attention 

'      -  -Call  their  attention 

<&,  .  Except  as  charged 

Call  my  attention 

r  . 

bso  For  instance 
$s*^-_  For  writing 
.??•—  -Good  deal 
-r         -Good  deal  less  than 

Calls  my  attention 

J^l.Call  your  attention 

_<£L_  .Calls  your  attention 
_».          -.Cannot  tell  vou 

.---r^-_Good  investment 
-S~        Good  while 

—  5L    &    Cash  book 

SPECIAL  PHRASINI 

3  CONTRACTIONS.                             97 

Hand  writing 

^  Last  month 

i         Have  been  able  to 

_yC?^.-Last  night 

^  N    He  has  gone  there 

_y*ITl  Last  time 

'     High  pressure 

—  ^^-T.Last  week 

*v"~^        High  water  mark 

—  Long  after 

"^    Honorable  gentleman 

N_f> 

A  —  Long    distance 

c-~t-^>      Honorable  gentlemen 

_  jv>.  —  Long  distance  telephone 

Human  life 

—  ^=  —  Looked  like  it 

..         - 
I  am  not  sure 

-,f^-  Look  like 

-^J_      I  do  not  recollect 

—  ^-  —  Looks  like  it 

^1        I  don't  know  as  I  do-did-had 
•1        '     I  don't  know  as  I  can 

/^?  —  Low  pressure 

_>J__Jfc-rr  

c-w^    If  writing 

—  mTTMeat  market 

c-\3      In  all  respects 

-TT^.  Medical  treatment 

^b-    In  combination  with 

.^jo  -Methodist  church 

^~-f          In  conjunction  with 

s^—   Most  likely 

--Le  — 

^~^p  In  his  conversation 

—  <ra^.Must  be 

^~a^*~'    In  his  handwriting 

<?**-r  —  Must  not  tell 

^Vp_  In  the  conversation 

—  <ns^-Must  remember 

"    *  —  'In  like  manner 

My  text 

**~*d  _In  other  words 

-—^-*—  National  bank 

^~£*         In  settlement 

->--*=^.  —  National  government 

^"3    In  so  far  as 

—  ^--f  —  Next  day 

^~f         In  such  words 

1 

_v/>  iNext  month 

^      In  the  street 

T 
•-N_a—  £.  Next  thing 

x~e          Insurance  company 

_s~8rr>  —  Next  time 

~^Jn  writing 

^a—  Next  week 

^  —         Joint  committee 

-"s~0  Next  year 

*        Joint  stock  company 

j^v:  —  No  security 

~^          Kind  words 

^*^No,  sir 

._  ^\-n  Laboring  classes 

J^t^>  Once  more 
—  i  Our  text 

"\_^> 

RAILROAD  ABBREVIATIONS. 


-U  ------  Out  of  place 

—  ^-  —  Postage  stamp 
Jf*  ----  Post  mortem 

----  4  cfsrpQst  mortem  examination 
-\D-  -----  Post  office 

—  -Vxi_Post  master 
V  -----  Post  route 

___  \*._  -Presbyterian  church 
ars  -----  Present  time 
___Hl-_Prima  facie 

Revised  version 

R'ght  angle 

Sabbath  school 

Sewing  machine 
Cr__     __  Sister  in  law 

_  _  Sitting  room 
^}_  _____  Steam  engine 

_    <^_Sleam  pressure 
V  ______  Step  by  step 

...J-9  ..Take  it  for  granted 
.....  __Took  it  for  granted 

___  j_^__To  a  certain  extent 

To  the  present  time 


__Yr?k  __  Tuesday  afternoon 
_L  ______  Tuesday  evening 


_t Tuesday  morning 

t> — Tuesday  night 

_v Two  or  three 

-k_-.Type  writer 

J^Tl Typewriting 

vj>... Under  consideration 

vo       Under  the  circumstances  of 

cf-^  the  case 

States 


-g— United  States  of  America 

J5X Up  stairs 

V Up  to  the  present  time 

_^, Very  much  like  it 

_S- Very  much  more  than 

.--._:£-  Vice  president 
_;£ Vice  versa 

___X___Viva  voce 

Which  has  been  said 

_"Vrl. Waiting  room 

_j^_ Water  works 

-0---West  line 

"Vy- What  has  been  said 

.TH. Without  security 

.€ Yes.  sir 

. — ^C.-Your  recollection 


RAILROAD   ABBREVIATIONS. 


51. According  to  advice 

..JCVT.- According  to  agreement 

rri According  to  their  contract 

-71--  According  to  your  contract 

._-_--77-Account  current 

Account  of  damage 

-^-/.Account  of  loss 


Account  of  overcharge 

..?-P- Account  sales 


.2r. Actual  damage 

__|__. Additional  cost 

_l Additional  expense 

--_<£r>- Adjust  the  matter 
J Advance  charges 


RAILROAD  ABBREVIATIONS. 


99 


'-z  *~i 


Advise  us 

Al]  charges  guaranteed 
Amount  of  commissions 
Amount  of  premium 
.-TV.  .^~i  And  greatly  oblige 

—  J-  —  And  much  oblige 
>rf  -----  Annual  meeting 

—  "^  —  Annual  premium 

-.,  —  Answer  by  telegraph 
-Answer  by  wire 
Answer  soon 


—  ;=—  ^ 
>r^-T- 


.  -Apply  this  rate 


-  -Arrived  behind  time 
___  r^__.Arrived  late 
/-^I*—  -Arrived  on  time 
...Pv^-.As  per  rate 

-t\--  ----  As  per  schedule 

/ 

—  o^-As  per  tariff 

-<3~(j--.-As  soon  as  convenient 

—  fl-S^.As  soon  as  possible 
-Q-fc^l  —  As  soon  as  ready 
___  .o_$_.As  soon  as  received 
-^------As  to  the  matter 

..^  -----  As  to  this  matter 

.  -------  As  to  those  matters 


first  cost 
p 
.h  ......  At  all  stations 

...  k^C.At  less  rate 

J.  ------  Attach  copy  billing 

z—  vp-- 

----  orT^At  schedule  rate 
\s.  ____  At  tariff  rate 
.  .-\.--  Back  and  forth 
>y  .  .  ___  .(Back  charges 

o 


_V__-  .--Bad  order 


----  \  —  Baggage  checks 

A.  -----  ^Balance  due 

v 
..bA  —  Balance  of  our  account 

v-> 
5^-  ----  Balance  of  your  account 

—  5^  —  Balance  sheet 
.\?  -----  Best  attention 
..->^--ft  Best  figures 
-^j/—  Best  finish 

—  V-^.Best  of  my  ability 
-V.  -----  Best  of  our  ability 
_-_}jrr5-Best  of  their  ability 
-\>  .....  Best  of  your  ability 

-.-^..Best  quality 

\l 
.....  Best  price 

_.-V---Best  rate 
.V  .....  Best  thanks 

—  .\...Best  terms 
p       ti 

-|  ------  Between  all  stations 

----  .^°-.-Bill  of  exchange 

."V^.-.Bill  of  lading 
.--!Sr^-Bill  of  lading  attached 
.5^.  .  .  .  Bills  of  lading 

___  Jp.  ..Bills  payable 
_V  ______  Bills  receivable 

\V^° 

___\*  —  Business  letters 

Business  relations 
By  Adams  Express 
By  American  Express 
___  .TXg  .  By  express 
_V  .....  By  fast  freight 
our  line 
our  road 


RAILROAD  ABBREVIATIONS. 


— By  return  mail 

-By  railroad 

-By  railway 

-By  your  line 

-By  your  road 
— --^-  Cattle  yards 

-Cancel  order 

.Car  load 
-^f^- — Car  load  or  less 

—  -.yflCar  record 
T>=^ Cause  for  delay 

t-Cause  (of)  delay 

it Change  of  destination 

-/—Charge  expense  account 

^^-L  JTL  Claim  for  rebate 
—I3rfC  Classification  rate 
-Collect  on  delivery 
-Construction  train 

<« Contents  noted 

Correction  sheet 

.^- Cut  rate 

—  \c--o  Daily  abstract  received 
U-^ Damaged  freight 

—  rl — Date  of  delivery 
-Lrx-^--Demurrage  charges 
--jLj— -Declare  a  dividend 
T Directors'  meeting 

^'UA    ™ s'  report 


?l Discontinue  rate 

eta-,  -Discount  for  cash 

-s 
, Division  of  rate 

From  your  letter 
From  your  reply 


Early  attention 
Early  consideration 
. Early  convenience 
_--^V?is-  Early  reply 

_& East  bound  track 

i   . Eastern  division 

_V£ East  rail 


--•5«*=SL.Enclose-d  bill 

Enclose-d  invoice 


find 

Enclosed  please  find 

Errors  and  omissions  excepted 

Faithfully  yours 
enclosed 

First-class  rate 
___  Sa^z_First  installment 
};So  ____  First  instant 
---^>-n.  First  class 
>?^?_  ___  First  cost 
___  W_L-  First  notice 
.Stv.  -----  First  opportunity 


— V»_.-_First  quality 

Financial  affairs 


.Financial  standing 

>?t^ Financial  responsibility 

±Y Fourth  class  rate 

.^\--lf_Free  on  board  (F.  O.  B.) 

5^ Freight  engine 

^j .Freight  shipment 

__J2_I From  the  last  report 


Q^_ Full  rate 

^. Further  particulars 

!. Give  the  matter  attention 


RAILROAD  ABBREVIATIONS. 


the  matter  consideration 
investment 

>3 

-•B^ Good  for  the  amount 

.  —  <^--  Gross  receipts 

f&\ Gross  weight 

---^— Half  rate 

-£ Hoping  this  will 

— e^j-I  am  glad  to  know 

v — 1  am  not  sure 

— "fc^yl  am  very  glad  to  know 

Sri I  did  not  know 

_-.J 1  do  not  think 

J_^ 1  do  not  know 

.  /v-fr=g^_l  enclose  statement 

1 I  had  not  heard 

___d I  had  not  learned 

•U^-v I  have  agreed  to  make 

I  hand  you 

l I  have  concluded 

._jQ I  have  received 

:L I  have  your  favor 

__J^!Se<ni  hope  you  will 

In  my  opinion 

In  my  report 

In  their  opinion 

In  your  opinion 

In  your  report 

I  may  not  be  able  to 

I/Lc_^'_^_T  see  there  is  likely  to  be 

«• 
__A— I  shall  not  be  able  to 

_«_ 'I  send  you 


I  think  there  is 


CJ_- — I  trust  you  will  consider 

^/.^..V..v,..^.^tbematter 


— I  trust  you  may 

—  ^ J  was  not  able  to 

^.^ In  reply  to  that 

— -7\.In  reply  to  your  favor 
reply  to  your  letter 
reply  would  say 
In  your  reply 

n  your  reply  to  my  last  letter 
n  exchange 

b- It  is  not  possible 

J^2L_ It  is  hardly  possible 

— Ata- It  is  possible  it  is 

_<L. It  is  possible  there  is 

will  attend  to  the  matter 
_I  will  just  say 

/„__!  will  try  to  have  it-the 

-TrTr??--In  any  quantity 
_--7^  -In  reference  to  that 

-V£ In  relation  to  that 

-_J!!j«_Insure  stock 

AA It  is  not  practicable 

C^.-Just  possible 

.A Just  received 

...  S?C~ Less  rate 

./^m — Less  than  car  load 

Live  stock 

Local  agent 
freight 
tariff 
rate 

-C7I- — Lowest  commission 
— 1^0  -Lowest  prices 
sCjs Lowest  terms 


RAILROAD  ABBREVIATIONS. 


an  appointment 
aximuin  rate 
-Middle  division 
-Minimum  rate 

-x^&- No  attention 

— ^^--No  discount 
-"^—---Necessary  attention 
-_>J>?5- Necessary  arrangements 

-..ft North  bound  track 

Ss-^- Notify  consignee 

-Ti One  day  after  date 

On  hand 

_^_ On  this  basis 

??_._ Ordinary  rates 

5?   Otherwise  specified 

..ry^L.Our  last  advices 
^y^_._Our  last  letter 

_->. Our  risk 

7-.-  ...Overcharge  statement 
Owner's  risk 

CH~ 

__  Passenger  car 

x Passenger  engine 

\    Passenger  train 

__~v Passenger  traffic 

_Vf-IT_  Please  acknowledge  receipt 

Ji_.  Please  advise  us 

_V Please  forward 


let  me  know 
quote  us 

Please  refer  to  my-our  last 

letter 
, — Please  inform  us 

-*c_- Please  note 
Premium  rate 


.i, Quarterly  dividend 

—  -^V-5-Quarterly  premium 

c^?. Railroad  accident 

— cTI.-  Railroad  signal 

<^h Railroad  station 

P — 
.-  .^----Railroad  stock 

Railway  accident 
Railway  signal 

JO 

'•*•** Railway  station 

.J^Ii- Railway  stock 

A. Rate  of  speed 

--/$n_  Recent  letter 
<r^r!s___  Reclaim  freight 
.  ./Til .  Regular  rate 

to  your  letter 
_ Replying  to  yours 
.Referring  to  your  letter 
to  your  report 
Resolution  of  the  board 
.c._ .Resolution  of  the  directors 

<        o    T?/»cr»*v-f fnlKf    yours 

>_ Revised  classification 

Right  of  way 
fb^^l.  Second  class  rate 

i Section  men. 

South  bound 


_n   


Acri Special  rate  notice 

._Jt23i Statement  of  account 


Statement  of  balance  of  account 

To  whom  you  refer 

.^     To  your  credit 

.'W-Trade  mark 

A Truly  yours 


LEGAL  PHRASES. 


~-<_-_       Under  bill  of  sale 

.4=0-^-.  -.Which  will  give  us  time 

v^.         Under  chattel  mortgage 

J^/*.  Will  not  return 

-y._._r~     TTndcr  the  agreement 
±e  Under  the  circumstances 
--^           Under  the  contract 

^5  With  much  respect 
_-4----Witn  this  letter 
-Yard  master 

---Q.  Value  of  the  contents 
S^rr?  —  Verbal  agreement 
v^u  -Verbal  contract 

.-/.—Your  bill 
T^-^.  Your  order  received 
ri         Your  letter 

\-,  Very  truly  yours 

/  You  may  ship  it 

~\  Way  bill  through 

Si  —  You  may  ship  the  goods 

^iVl-L-.We  are  in  receipt  of  your  letter 

.in 
.£  Yours  at  hand 

-l^rSy^.-  Wells,  Fargo  &  Co.'s  Ex- 
..       ^~~                                     press  Co. 

J 

£  —  Yours  respectfully 

^/7\_  You  will  be  able  to 

..'.TV?:  -West  rail 

—  a£X_You  will  oblige 
s^\-  —  You  will  not  fail 

—  /l.-^Your  risk 

A—  What  is  best  rate 

LEGAL 

_Vj Abstract  of  title 

/7--TS- According  to  the  evidence 

According  to  the  testimony 

—  r-.Act  of  bankruptcy 
litem 

of  agreement 

.^1 Assignment  of  contract 

-.-^OrrAssignment  of  mortgage 

I Administrators  and  assigns 

a)  ,-3_£/Amended  answer 

\/i    Appellate  division 

__^fr?_7Articles  of  incorporation 

j(^_ Assault  and  battery 

1.  _Attorney  for  defendant 


PHRASES. 

—  Attorney  for  plaintiff 
-  Attorney  general 


----  W- 


\ Bankruptcy  court 

Y 

-~\  —  Bankrupt  estate 

Bankrupt  stock 

Beneficial  estate 

2^ Beneficial  interest 

V^o        O 

i — J Beyond  a  reasonable  doubt 

}i? Bill  of  exceptions 

Bill  of  particulars 
fides 


.. 

Vc 
..  ___  .:>9 


and  mortgage 
jfl^"!^--  Bonds  and  mortgages 
...a  —  Bond  and  warrant 


LEGAL  PHRASES. 


_p Bond  of  indemnity 

Av — Burden  of  proof 

.3 Breach  of  contract 

-\^Breach  of  promise 

Cause  of  action 

Caveat  emptor 

7"-- Chattel  mortgage 

.-.-T^  Circuit  Court  of  the  U.  States 

_£ Circumstantial  evidence 

---..-.—  -.Clerical  error 

^=€7? Close  corporation 

£__ ..Collateral  circumstances 

-__ Collateral  inheritance 

Collateral  security 

Common  carrier 

— Common  law 

___>=!--- Confidential  communication 
]       X^P 
'—o Contributory  negligence 

—  --  -.-County  attorney 
-----  —  County  clerk 

.-County  treasurer 
iCome  to  a-the  conclusion 

^.Counsel  for  the  defendant 

--yTV-- -Counsel  for  the  people 

—  .-/^Counsel  for  the  plaintiff 
.CTX Court  of  Appeals 

^-   5TV._Court  of  bankruptcy 
-  of  chancery 


L Court  of  claims 

«r — . Court  of  equity 

— cf\__  Court  of  errors- 

cy Court  of  general  sessions 

L_i Court  of  justice 


57,. 
I 


c^L_ Court  of  last  resort 

F7_. -Court  of  record 

.c*    Court  of  special  sessions 

ETVT-Criminal  conversation 


c-P 


-v 


-Criminal  negligence 
-Cross  examination 
-Cross  question-ed 

^ De  bene  esse 

Defendant's  case 
'endant's  counsel 

\^ Defendant's  evidence 

dr^-x.Defendant's  testimony 

J^ Defendant's  witnesses 

1 ..  -  Deni  ed  ;  ex  ception 

1y--.-J- Direct  evidence 

It-Direct  examination 

Jk-s— / Direct  testimony 

JL District  attorney 

Jji District  court 

.TX  _  Documentary  evi  dence 

jx Duces  tecum 

.T^-_'Entitled  to  a-your  verdict 

--K.  —  Entitled  to  recover 


Equity  of  redemption 

Evidence  in  chief 

Examined  conditionally 

^>--<^i_-Except  as  charged 

r^*_ Excluded  :  exception 

mi^P Executors  and  assigns 

parte  testimony 
-.Expert  testimony 
xpert  witnesses 
Fiduciary  capacity 


LEGAL  PHRASES. 


-Final  decree 
— S*lf--For  and  in  consideration 

\o For  the  consideration 

— Ns.--For  you  to  say 

*Q_p Full  consideration 

^.--Gentlemen  of  the  jury 

-•^ Goods  and  chattels 

— "^---Grant  and  convey 
e"t~  —  Grant,  bargain  and  sell 
-°     -       Uury 

.Guilty  of  negligence 

.Guilt  or  innocence 
^j--- — Habeas  corpus 
j^/-._Heirs  at  law 

-dL._ Heirs  and    assigns 

&  — » 
a Heirs,  administrators  and 

-x     $      u  -  a?si£"s 

k--- -Heirs,  executors  and  assigns 


. 

Vs 


In  accordance  with  the  evi- 


.crp  dehce 

__.J-=-«:-Jn  accordance  with  the  testi- 

mony 


.Interlocutory  decree 
.Interlocutory  judgment 
—  .3  —  In  words  or  substance 

A It  is  for  you  to  say 

._-e.7L- -Joint  stock 

Joint  stock  company 

_  _ ,_  ^ .  .Judicial  decision 

n 

Judicial  sale 

-~_4 Judgment  for  the  defendant 

/   _F Judgment  for  the  plaintiff 

^T 

</ Justice  of  the  peace 

.0^ Justice  of  the  Supreme  Court 

.-.<<CT!_Last  will  and  testament 
fa_^   Letters  of  administration 


/„ Letters  patent 

-.  ^TJrvl'Lctters  testamentary 

x£? 

:.'. 'Life  estate 

pendens 
fides 
ie  insurance 

.%^ Measure  of  damages 

r?\._  Medical  expert 

Medical  jurisprudence 
Medical  testimony 
..Memorandum  of  agreement 

court 
of  kin 

VrzNolle  prosequi 

rri Notice  of  pendency 

_<i'__ Objected  to,  as  before 

_«rn Obj.  to,  as  immaterial 

---^mObj.  to,  as  imm.  and  in- 
J  competent 

Obj.  to,  as  incompetent 

Obj.  to,  as  inc.,  imm.,  and 

irrelevant 
-----Obj.  to;  overruled;  exception 


j.  to;  received;  exception 

Obj.  to;  sustained;    exception 

_>rVOffered  in  evidence 

7^ Offered  conditionally 

jt^,.  Overruled  ;  exception 

A- Party  of  the  first  part 

... -\--_Party  of  the  second  part 
.^.- -A -Patent  office 
.„         -Patent  right 

?V Personal  estate 

_S- Petit  jury 

_f__.    ..Plaintiff  and  defendant 


io6 


LEGAL  PHRASES. 


_XT1 Plaintiff's  case 

-—?!?.  Plaintiff's  counsel 

_3L Plaintiff's  evidence 

— .£Z_rr_Plaintiff's  testimony 

-?5 Plaintiff's  witnesses 

— \C_~_Police  court 

\_ Power  of  attorney 

.^-^Preponderance  of  evidence 

_a-^»-r — Preponderance  of  testimony 

J^.--Prisoner  at  the  bar 

._^_r^Z?_ Privileged  communication 

\ Put  in  evidence 

c=^. Question  of  fact 

-.-C=J-- Question  of  law 

?hn Quitclaim  deed 

...rr^miQuo  warranto 

Pi_L Real  estate 

o 
Reasonable  doubt 

.Rebutting  evidence 
ing  testimony 

^\ Received  conditionally 

<^-  Received ;  exception 

.Referee  in  bankruptcy 

Refresh  your  (my-his-their) 

recollection 
Res  inter  alios  acta 

^•-Res  judicata 
S^l*^  —  Secondary  evidence 


-<ii«_ Sell  and  convey 

\i>. —  Special  jury 

A Statute  of  frauds 

^2-  -Statute  of  limitations 

3=^. Struck  jury 

— (STv<r3  Summary  proceedings 

tsn^ Summons  and  complaint 

yT-_Superior  Court 

\x Supplementary  proceedings 

-_-_;St — Supreme  Court 

J^ Sustained;  exception 

J Taken  conditionally 

^L^i Testimony  of  the  defendant 

___<rrv«c Testimony  of  the  plaintiff 

_j^7_ Trial  jury 

j. Trover  and  conversion 

"^X^5 

_T__7__Trust  funds 

__r> Valuable  consideration 

t  _?___Verdict  for  defendant 
'    6      Verdict  for  plaintiff 
t  Verdict  of  guilty 

^_^  Verdict  of  not  guilty 
^•v      __V°'unlary  bankruptcy 
'  ^->   Voluntary  assignment 
_-f_,____.Writ  of  error 


"f     Written  instrument 
*^>-- 


INDEX. 


A,  tick,  21,  22. 

com-,  con-,  39. 

omitted,  go. 

All,  tick  21,  23. 

L-hook,  21,  23,  61. 

Already,  tick  21,  23. 
An,  tick  21,  22. 

— N-hook,  21,  23,  6^. 
And,  tick  ai,  23. 
N-hook,  65. 

— -omitted,  90. 

Another,  N-hook  and  tick,  20,  28. 
As,  final  circle,  32. 

— initial  circle,  37. 

has-is,  etc.,  Ses,  42. 

it-the,  by  loop,  47. 

to,  by  Zt,  37. 

Authorities  cited,  6,  7. 
Avenue,  F-hook,  or  stem,  75. 
Away,  Way,  W-hook,  75. 
Been,  after  F-hook,  73. 

— -after  S-circle,  38,  41. 

after  Ses,  45. 

after  Ter-hook,  89. 

Brevity  secured  by  Phrasing,  3. 

Business,  Ses,  46. 

But  if,  F-hook,  73. 

Change  of  Systems,  How  to  make  a,  9. 

Circle-S,  30. 

Circle-Ses,  42. 

Circles  joined  to  ticks,  20,  21. 

Combinations  of  circles,  44. 

• of  phrases,  10. 

Context,  undue  dependence  upon,  4,  5. 

— Phrase-signs  furnish  key  to,  5. 
Contractions,  Special  phrasing,  96. 
Did,  by  halving,  57. 

— not,  by  halving,  etc.,  57. 
"  Don't    believe    in    phrasing,"    People 

who,  6. 

Do  you,  omitted,  91. 
Distinguishing  words  in  phrases,  14. 
Ever,  K-hook,  70. 

on  ticks,  21. 

Familiarity  with   outlines   necessary  for 

rapid  writing,  10. 

F-HoOK.— On  ticks,  21 ;  Of,  69;  Of,  added 
to  half-lengths,  70;  Ever,  70;  Have,  71; 
Having,  71;  Live,  71;  To  have,  72;  It, 
The,  Had,  added,  71;  To  have.  72; 
Set  off,  73;  There  may  have  been,  74; 
Exceptional  use  of  hook,  74,  Avenue, 

First,  by  loop,  51. 
Foi,  F-hook,  73. 
Forth,  F-hook,  73. 

—by  FTh.  73. 
From to,  omitted,  91. 


Had,  by  halving,  58,  72. 

not,  by  halving,  etc.,  58. 

after  F-hook,  72. 

HALVING.— Is  to,  As  to.  Has  to,  37;  It, 
The,  55;  To,  57;  Did,  57;  Did  not,  57; 
Had,  58;  Had  not,  58;  What,  58. 
Has,  added  to  loop,  49. 

added  to  Ses,  43. 

— been,  after  lengthened  stem,  59. 

— or  As,  Ses,  42,  43. 

— final  circle,  32. 

— initial  circle,  38. 

it-the,  by  loop,  47. 

— been,  after  S-circle,  45. 

been,  by  circle  and  hook,  40. 

their- there,  loop  word-signs,  54. 

to,  by  Zt,  37. 

Have,  F-hook,  71,  73. 

—  been.  Having  been,  73. 
omitted,  91. 

— you,  omitted,  92. 
Having,  F-hook,  71. 
He,  tick,  17,  21,  24. 
Her,  R-hook,  63. 
Him,  M-hook,  83, 

tick,  24. 

Himself,  M-hook  and  circle,  83. 
His,  after  Ses,  43,  44. 
final  circle.  31. 

— initial  circle,  35. 

own,  added  to  S-circle,  45. 

— own,  circle  and  hook,  38. 

own,  after  N  hook,  68. 

Hooks  on  ticks,  20,  21, 

How,  tick,  21,  24. 

How  to  change  systems,  9. 

I,  tick,  17,  21,  25. 

final  tick,  26. 

— initial  tick,  25. 

— medial  tick,  25. 

-omitted,  9?. 

Ideal  phrase.  The,  9. 

In,  In  the,  initial  back-hook,  36. 

Inherent  legibility  of  phrase-signs,  5,  9. 

Inner  N-hook,  73,  74,  86,  88,  89. 

In  r-,  64. 

Ing  a-an-and,  29. 

his- us,  29. 

omitted,  92. 

the,  29. 

— us-liis,  29. 
Interest,  68. 
Irland,  Rule  of  Mr.,  9. 
Introduction,  3. 
Is,  final  circle,  30. 
after  loops,  49,  53. 

aftei  Ses,  43. 

after  St-loop,  49. 


107 


io8 


INDEX. 


Is,  after  Str-loop,  53. 
— by  final  circle,  30. 
— by  initial  circle,  34. 

it-the,  by  loop,  47. 

1  heir-there,  loop  word-signs,  54. 

to,  by  Zt,  37. 

It,  by  halving,  55,  72. 
first,  51. 

or  The,  added  to  S-circle,  30,  48. 

or  The,  by  tick,  27. 

—  has  been,  41. 

Its  own,  39. 

Knowledge  of  principles  necessary  for 
rapid  writing,  10. 

Legal  Phrases,  103. 

Legibility  secured  by  Phrasing,  4. 

L-HooK.— All,  61;  Will,  62;  Well,  62. 

LENGTHENING. — Their,  There,  They  are, 
58;  Other,  59;  There  has  been,  59; 
Therefore,  60;  Thereafter-by-upon,  60; 
Their,  There,  added  to  straight  stems, 
61. 

Lengthening  straight  stems,  61. 

Live,  F-hook,  71. 

LOOPS. — Say,  added,  33;  Is  it-the,  added 
to  S-circle,  30;  The  one,  added  to  circle, 
48;  Words  indicated  by,  47;  State,  ini- 
tial, 50;  State-d-ing, final,  50;  First,  51; 
It  first.  The  first,  51;  Street,  52;  Their, 
There,  52;  Their  own,  53;  There  is,  53; 
Than,  ^53;  Is  there.  Has  there,  loop 
word-signs,  54;  Thereupon,  etc.,  54; 
Store,  54. 

M-HooK, — May,  82;  Him,  83;  Himself, 
83;  Make-ing,  84;  My,  85;  My  own,  86; 
time,  86. 

Make-ing,  M-hook,  84. 

May,  M-hook,  82. 

May  have  been,  exceptional,  74. 

Morris,  Rule  of  Professor,  9. 

My,  M-hook,  85. 

own,  M-hook,  etc.,  86. 

N-HooK.— An,  64;  And,  65;  Not,  65; 
One,  66;  Own,  66;  Than,  67;  Say, 
added,  67;  His  own,  added,  68;  State, 
Stated-ing,  added,  68;  Interest,  68; 
Own,  Than,  exceptional,  69. 

N-hook  omitted,  88. 

Not,  N-hook,  65. 

after  Did,  57. 

after  Had,  58. 

after  Ter-hook,  88,  89. 

Of,  after  half-lengths,  70. 

F-hook,  69,  70. 

- — -or  Of  the,  omitted,  93. 
tick,  28. 

OMISSIONS  OF  WORDS,  etc. — A,  And,  90; 

Do  you,  91;  From '0,91;  Have,  To 

have,  01 ;  Have  you,  92;  1,92;  Ing,  92; 
Of,  Of  the,  93;  On,  94;  Or,  94;  The,  To 
the.  With  the,  95;  To,  95. 

On,  omitted,  94. 


On,  tick,  21,  27. 
One,  after  loop,  49. 

after  S-circle,  38,  41. 

—  N-hook,  60. 
Or,  omitted,  94. 

— R  hook,  62. 
Outlines,  Familiarity  with,  necessary  for 

rapid  writing,  10. 
Owe,  tick,  21. 
Other,  by  lengthening,  59. 

Ter-hook,  8a. 

— tick,  28. 
Own,  after  lengthening,  69. 

after  S  circle,  38. 

after  Ses,  45. 

after  loop,  53. 

after  M-hook,  86. 

N-hook,  66. 

after  Ter-hook,  88. 

Phrase,  The  ideal,  means  something,  9. 

— Incomplete,  rule  for,  10. 
Phrase-signs,  Distinguishing  words  in,  14. 

— Inherent  legibility  of,  5,  q. 
Phrases  furnish  key  to  context,  5. 

Combinations  of,  10. 

Legal,  103. 

— Positions  of,  17. 

— Railroad,  98. 

Rule  for  exceptional,  10. 

-Special,  96. 

Phrasing,  Group,  12. 
How  to  adopt,  8. 

lessens  labor  of  reporting,  4,  5. 

Rule  of  Mr.  Irland,  9. 

— Rule  of  Professor  Morris,  9. 

— Simple,  ii. 
-Ticks  used  in,  17. 

What  words  should  be  joined,  9. 

When  it  should  be  learned,  7,  8. 

Why  students  sometimes  fail  iu,  8. 

Positions  of  phrases,  17. 

Principle,    Knowledge  of,  necessary  for 

rapid  writing,  10. 
Railroad  Abbreviations,  98. 
Rapid  writers,  Who  are,  10. 
R-HooK.— Or,  62;  Were,  63;    Her,    63; 

In  r-,  64. 
Rule  of  Mr.  Irland,  9. 

of  Professor  Morris,  9. 

Saving  of  labor  by  phrasing,  4,  5. 
Say,  after  N-hook,  67. 

after  loop,  33. 

after  ticks,  21. 

circle,  30,  33. 

S-CiRCLE.— Joined  to  ticks,  21;  Is,  final, 
30;  It,  The,  final,  30,  48;  His,  final,  31; 
As,  final.  32;  Has,  final,  32;  Us,  33; 
Say,  33;  Is,  initial,  34;  His,  initial,  35; 
In,  In  the,  before  circle,  36;  As,  initial, 
37;  Has,  initial,  38;  Its  own,  39;  Has 
been,  40;  It  has  been,  41;  Than,  added, 
41;  One,  added,  41. 


INDEX. 


109 


Semi-circles  joined  without  an  angle,  77, 
82. 

used  after  circle,  78,  81. 

SES-CIRCLE. —  Is  his,  As  has,  etc.,  42;  Is, 
His.  Has,  added  to  circle,  43;  Combi- 
nation of  Circles,  44;  His,  Us,  added, 
44;  Been,  added,  45;  Own,  added,  45; 
Business.  46;  Session,  46. 
Should,  tick,  21,  26. 
Session,  46. 
Set  off,  73. 

Slow  Writers,  Who  are,  10. 
Something  for  nothing,  8. 
Special  Phrasing  Contractions,  96. 
Speed  secured  by  Phrasing,  6. 
State-d-ing,  after  N-hook,  68. 

final  loop,  50. 

initial  loop,  50. 

Store,  Str-loop,  54. 
Straight  stems  lengthened,  61. 
Street,  St-loop,  52. 
Student,  A  Word  to  the,  10. 
Systems,  How  to  change,  9. 
TER-HOOK.— Their,  87;  There,  87;  They 
are,  88;    Other,   88;   N-hook  omitted, 
before  Ter-hook,  88;  Own,  added,  88; 
Not,  added.  89;  Been,  added,  89;  Than, 
added,  89;  Thereby-fore,  89. 
Than,  after  lengthening,  69. 

after  circle,  41. 

after  Str-loop,  53. 

after  Ter-hook,  89. 

by  N-hook,  67. 

That  if,  F-hook,  73. 
The,  after  loop,  47,  48. 

after  S-circle,  30,  48. 

after  half-length,  72. 

—  by  halving,  55,  72. 

com-,  con-,  29. 

final  tick,  21,  27. 

first,  by  loop,  51. 

initial  tick,  21,  26. 

one,  after  circle,  48. 

or  To  the,  omitted,  95. 

Their,  There,  They  are,  tick,  21,  27. 

by  lengthening  curves,  58. 

by  lengthening  straight  stems,  61. 

by  loop,  53. 

by  Ter-hook,  87. 

is,  after  S-circle,  53. 

may  have  been,  74. 

Thereafter-by-upon,  etc.,  after  lengthen- 
ing, 60. 

after  loop  word-signs,  54. 

with  Ter-hook,  89. 

There  have  been,  exceptional,  74. 
They  are,  Ter-hook,  88. 
Tick  Phrase-signs,  21. 


TICKS  JOINED  TO  STEMS. — A,  22;  An,  22; 
And,  23;  All,  23;  Already,  23;  He,  24; 
Him,  24;  How,  24;  I,  25;  Should,  26- 
The,  26;  It,  The,  27;  On,  27;  Their, 
There,  27;  Other,  28;  Another,  28;  Of, 
To,  28;  A  com-,  A  con-,  29;  The  com-, 
The  con-,  29;  Ing  a-an-and,  29;  Ing 
the,  29;  Ing  his-us,  29. 
Ticks  joined  to  circles  and  hooks,  20,  21. 

used  in  phrasing,  17. 

Time,  M-hook,  86. 
To,  after  S-circle,  50. 
— by  halving,  37,  57. 

by  tick,  28. 

— have,  F-hook,  72,  73. 

have,  omitted,  91. 

or  To  the,  omitted,  95. 

Us,  S-circle,  33. 

after  Ses,  44. 

Way,  Away,  W-hook,  75. 
— by  semi-circle,  77. 
What,  by  halving,  58. 
— by  W-hook,  75. 

by  semi-circle,  76. 

if-for,  F-hook,  73. 

We,  W-hook,  75. 
Were,  R-hook,  63. 

W-HoOK.— We,  75;   Would,  75;    What, 
75;  Whether,  75:  Away,  Way,  75;  Same 
words  indicated  by  semi-circle,  76. 
Whether,  W-hook,  75. 
Well,  L-hook,  62. 

When  Phrasing  should  be  learned,  7,  8. 
Will,  L-hook,  62. 

after  half-length,  62. 

With  the,  omitted,  95. 

Would,  W-hook,  75. 

Words  Distinguished,  in  Phrases,  14. 

Whit,  should  be  joined,  9. 

W-semicircle,  joined  without   an  angle, 

77' 

Words  indicated  by,  76. 

— used  after  circles,  78. 

Why  students  sometimes  fail  in  phras- 
ing, 8. 

Year,  Y-hook,  bo. 

Y-HooK.— You,  78;  Your,  79;  You  are, 
79;  Year,  79;  Same  words  indicated  by 
semi  circle,  80. 

You,  Y-hook,  80. 
- — are,  Y-hook,  79. 

Your,  Y-hook,  79. 

Y-semi-circ)e,  joined  without  'an  angle, 
82. 

joined  to  ticks,  21. 

used  after  circles,  81. 

used  initially,  81. 

Words  indicated  by,  80. 


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